HyPR CALC1

Training Division - DFSG
HyPR.CALC -
SOFTWARE
HYDRAULICS
REFRESHER
Jauary 2008
HyPR-CALC -HYDRAULICS
HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
“HYDRAULICS”?
Mechanical and Flow properties of Fluids as

applied to practical Mud Engineering
Otherwise referred to as “Fluid Mechanics”
Scomi Oiltools
What is HYDRAULICS?
An operation where the drilling fluid is used to

transfer pressure from the surface to the bit, using
the pressure drop across the bit to enhance the rate
of penetration!
Part of this energy is used to clean the face of the

bit!
The pressures exerted in circulating a well can be

calculated, using Rheological Models!
We need to know the TYPE of fluid!
Scomi Oiltools
EFFECTIVE HYDRAULICS?
Hole Cleaning
Hydrostatic Pressure Optimisation

 Well-bore Stability
 Well-bore Control
Equivalent Circulating Densities (ECD)
Surge and Swab Control whilst Tripping
Limitation of Pump Capacity
Optimisation of Drilling Operation
Scomi Oiltools
FLUID RHEOLOGY
Fluid Rheology affects carrying capacity, slip

velocity, and annular hydraulics.
Fluid Rheology also affects the suspending

characteristics of the Drilling Fluid.
Scomi Oiltools
Defining some Terms
Rheology
Viscosity
Shear Stress
Shear Rate
Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Rheological Models
Flow Regimes
Scomi Oiltools
RHEOLOGY
Rheology is the science of the deformation and

flow of matter.
When applied to Drilling Fluids, rheology deals

with the relationship between Flow Rate and Flow
Pressure and their combined effects on the Flow
Characteristics of the fluid.
Each of these three items is inter-related to the

other.
Scomi Oiltools
VISCOSITY?
Viscosity relates to the resistance to deformation exhibited by

a fluid.
In our world, we can think of it as a relationship that exists

between the Shear Stress and the Shear Rate.
We must not think in terms of “thick” and “thin”.
Viscosity is calculated with the following formula:
Viscosity = Shear Stress / Shear Rate
The Marsh funnel is NOT a measure of viscosity.
Scomi Oiltools
Viscosity ?
Definition: Force applied across a unit area to

maintain unit velocity in liquid at a unit distance
apart.
F= (F1/A)
((V2-V1)/D)
For Water Viscosity is 1 Centipoise
For H2O-Constant irrespective of force applied.
Scomi Oiltools
The importance of VISCOSITY!
Hole Cleaning
Barite Suspension
Drilling Rate
Circulating Pressures - E.C.D.
Pipe Movement Pressures - Swab & Surge
Erosion - Flow Regimes
Scomi Oiltools
SHEAR STRESS?
Shear Stress is defined as the force required to overcome a fluid’s
resistance to flow, divided by the area that force is working on.
Measured in dynes/cm2.
Basic formula is:
Shear Stress = F / A
Where: F = Force applied (dynes)

A = Surface area under
stress (cm2)
Scomi Oiltools
SHEAR RATE?
Shear rate is defined as the relative velocity of the

fluid layers, divided by their normal separation
distance.
Shear rate is expressed in reciprocal seconds (sec-1).
Basic formula is:

Shear Rate = V / H
Where: V = Velocity (cm/sec)

H = Distance
(cm)
Scomi Oiltools
SHEAR STRESS & RATE
► Shear Stress, lbs/100 ft² = Dial Reading X

1.0678
► The Shear Rate equivalent to the rpm’s of a

Rheometer (VG Meter) is rpm’s multiplied by
1.7033.
600 rpm’s = 1022 sec-1.
300 rpm’s = 511 sec-1.
Scomi Oiltools
TYPES of Fluids
 Fluids can be classified based on rheological

behaviour.
 We are primarily concerned with just two TYPES

of fluids:
 Newtonian Fluids
 Non-Newtonian Fluids
Scomi Oiltools
NEWTONIAN Fluids
Sir Isaac Newton stated that “For every action, there is an equal and
opposite re-action.”
If a force is applied to a fluid layer, it should move. Every force

increase should give a proportional velocity increase.
Most naturally occurring fluids act just that way. They are known as
NEWTONIAN Fluids.
All fluids exhibit some internal resistance to flow. This is known as

Plastic Viscosity, or PV.
Examples are water, glycerine, oil, etc.
Scomi Oiltools
Newtonian Model - Graphically Illustrated
Y= m x + c where for water
m=1 & c=0
Shear Stress, lb/100 ft²
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Shear Rate, 1/sec
600 RPM Reading = 40
300 RPM Reading = 20
PV = 20; YP = 0
Scomi Oiltools
NON-NEWTONIAN Fluids
A Non-Newtonian fluid is basically any fluid that does not

behave in a manner similar to a Newtonian fluid.
Typical examples are paint, cream, printing ink and virtually all
Drilling Fluids.
They contain solid particles of various sizes that form a

structure resistant to flow.
When sufficient force is applied the structure “yields” and

begins to move. We call this the Yield Point.
As per BINGHAM model, c > 0 but m is constant over a range

of shear rates.
Scomi Oiltools
NON-NEWTONIAN Fluids!
For a NON-NEWTONIAN fluid, the ratio of Shear Stress to Shear

Rate is NOT a constant!
MOST drilling fluids are NON-NEWTONIAN fluids.
Any measurement of viscosity on a NON-NEWTONIAN fluid must

specify the shear rate. m
We calculate EFFECTIVE VISCOSITY, (me), as opposed to

VISCOSITY!
Effective viscosity is measured at shear rates that correspond to

those in the well bore.
Scomi Oiltools
RHEOLOGICAL MODELS!
A RHEOLOGICAL MODEL is a description of the relationship between:
– Shear Stress:
– Shear Rate:
It is a mathematical expression which best fits the actual behaviour of
the fluid.
Commonly used in the drilling fluids industry:

– Bingham Plastic Model y=mx+c
– Power Law Model y=kxn
– Modified Power Law (HB) y=kxn+C
Scomi Oiltools
BINGHAM PLASTIC Model!
The simplest model, and one of the most commonly used, is

the BINGHAM PLASTIC model.
Assumes the shear stress is a linear function of shear rate,

once a specific shear stress has been exceeded.
Expressed as:
 = YP + PV (g)
Where:
– YP = yield point, lb/100 ft2
– PV = plastic viscosity, cp (centipoise)
Scomi Oiltools
BINGHAM PLASTIC Model!
Best characterises fluids at higher shear rates.
PV and YP are calculated from a conventional concentric

viscometer with the data taken at 600 and 300 rpm dial
readings.
– PV = q600 - q300
– YP = q300 - PV
By multiplying the shear rate in rpm by 1.702, you can derive the
shear rate in reciprocal seconds (sec-1).
Scomi Oiltools
Bingham Model - Graphically Illustrated y=mx+c

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Shear Rate, 1/sec
600 RPM reading = 50
300 RPM reading = 30
PV = 20; YP = 10
Scomi Oiltools
The POWER LAW Model!
The POWER LAW model describes a fluid in which the
shear stress/shear rate relationship is a straight line when
plotted on log-log graph paper.
It more closely approximates the low shear rate behaviour

of a drilling fluid.
The POWER LAW model is:

 = K(gn)
Where:
– K = The consistency index, (lb-secn/100 ft2)
– n = The power law exponent (dimensionless)
Scomi Oiltools
POWER LAW MODEL
The units of the Power Law Model are:

– “n”, the Power Law Index
– “K”, the Consistency Factor
Two regimes of flow are usually recognised:

 Medium range, found inside the pipe, the jets
and around the bit.
 Low range, found in the annulus.
 The cross-over point between the two is
generally recognised as 170 sec-1.
Scomi Oiltools
“n” Value
“n” is the Power Law Exponent.
“n” dictates the logarithmic curve followed in a

Shear Rate/Shear Stress graphical analysis.
“n” is a function of the Shear-Thinning properties of

a fluid.
– “n” values are always less than 1.000
– “n” values away from 1 indicate fluids that
immediately Shear-Thin.
Scomi Oiltools
CALCULATING “n” and “K”

The rheological parameters “n” and “K” can be calculated
from any two shear-rate/shear-stress data points. This is
rarely a totally straight line.
Normal procedure is to calculate these values at shear rates

in the drillstring and in the annulus!
– Drillstring = np and Kp
– Annulus = na and Ka
We use the 3 rpm and 100 rpm readings for the low shear
rate.
We use the 300 rpm and 600 rpm readings for the high
shear rate.
Scomi Oiltools
Calculating “n”
The general formula for “n” is:
log ( t 2 / t 1 )
n = -----------------
log ( g 2 / g 1 )
Using the 600 and 300 rpm dial readings, the

equation simplifies to:
(q600)
n = 3.32log --------------
(q300)
Scomi Oiltools
"n" Value - Relationships
If n = 1, the fluid is Newtonian.
If n < 1, the fluid is non-Newtonian and more shear thinning.
Low n values:
– Promote laminar flow
– Increase carrying capacity
As n decreases flow profile flattens
Most drilling fluids have n values between 0.3 - 0.5
Scomi Oiltools
“n” Power Law Exponent Definition
= 3.32 log (600 ÷ 300 viscometer reading)

High shear
environment Describes the shear thinning properties of a
fluid, i.e. degree of non-newtonian behavior.
“A shear thinning fluid is one that thins in a high

shear environment, i.e. in the drill pipe & at the
bit, and thickens in a low shear environment,
Low shear
environment
i.e. in the annulus”.
The “n” value defines the velocity profile in the

annulus.
Note: PV:YP ratio also defines the velocity
profile in the annulus, i.e. PV equal to or < YP
Annulus
results in a flat velocity profile – PV > YP will
sharpen the velocity profile incrementally.
Scomi Oiltools
“K” Value ??
“K” is a consistency constant that gives a measure of

thickness compared to other fluids.
It may be compared to Plastic Viscosity, but the

relationship is not precise.
Actual “Effective Viscosity” must be calculated using

“K” and “n” for each specific Shear Rate.
Scomi Oiltools
Calculating “K”!
The general formula for “K” is:
2
K = -------
( 2 )n
Using the 600 and 300 rpm dial readings, the equation simplifies
to:
(300)
K = ----------
511 n
Scomi Oiltools
"K" value Relationships
K defines viscosity at a low shear

rate
Higher K generally improves hole

cleaning
Higher K increases system

pressure loss
Scomi Oiltools
Power Law Model - API Method
API uses 2 equations
 Pipe Values - Shear Rates > 511 1/sec
 Annular Values - Shear Rates < 511 1/sec
Scomi Oiltools
Using Power Law Numbers
Fluid Velocities (in feet per second) are calculated for each
hydraulic diameter in the pipe or annulus.
K’s and n’s are applied to each section.
Effective Viscosity (e) of the mud is calculated for each

section using K & n values.
e = 100 x K x (Shear rate)n–1
A Critical Reynolds Number (Rec) is calculated for the mud.
Scomi Oiltools
Power Law Model Weakness
Has no yield stress.
May be inaccurate at shear rates <1
Need two sets of values for accuracy
Pipe
Annular
Scomi Oiltools
Viscosity Profiles of Fluid Models
Viscosity, cP
10,000
5,000
2,000
Newtonian
1,000
Power Law
500
Actual
200
Bingham
100
50
20
10
1 3 10 30 100 300 1,000 3,000
Shear Rate, 1/sec
Scomi Oiltools
Graph of Actual Readings
Bingham and Power Law Model

40
30
20
10 Bingham Actual Power Law Power Law

Model Values Pipe Annulus
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Shear Rate, 1/sec
Scomi Oiltools
OTHER Models!
HERSCHEL-BUCKLEY (Modified Power Law)
Best fit to Drilling Fluids - t = K(gn) + YP

YP = q3
n = (3.32) log [( q600-YP ) / ( q300-YP )]
K = q300 / 511n
CASSON
– Very accurate at low shear rates, but complicated and difficult to use.
ROBERTSON-STIFF
The best model for HPHT Wells
– A three parameter model that is also difficult to use. Very
accurate in many cases.
Scomi Oiltools
The Yz Factor
In recent years a trend has developed where the Yz factor is

applied as an indicator of the LOW END rheology of a drilling
fluid. (Low Shear Rate Yield Point)
It is calculated with the following formula:
Yz Factor = (2 * FANN 3) - FANN 6
The LOW END rheology has an important influence on hole

cleaning. Especially in high angled holes
Yz Factor > 7
Scomi Oiltools
Defining the FLOW REGIME!
What is a “Flow Regime”?

Essentially the nature of the fluid flow.
A Flow Regime can be classed in several ways:

 Plug Flow
 Laminar Flow
 Transitional Flow
 Turbulent Flow
What do these terms mean?
Scomi Oiltools
PLUG FLOW
The condition where the fluid moves like a solid.
Generally attributed to very low flow rates, with high

viscosities and/or high solids concentrations.
Wellbore Wall Drill-pipe Wall
Scomi Oiltools
LAMINAR FLOW
Laminar Flow is associated with low flow rates and an orderly
pattern of flow.
The flow rate/flow pressure relationship is governed by the

viscous properties of the fluid.
Drill pipe
Wellbore Wall Wall
Scomi Oiltools
TURBULENT FLOW
Characterised by chaotic, random flow patterns.
Associated with high fluid velocities.
The change from Transitional to Turbulent is governed by a

dimensionless number, called the Reynold’s Number.
Wellbore Wall Drill pipe Wall
Scomi Oiltools
TRANSITIONAL FLOW
Transitional Flow is a theoretical state where

the Flow Regime is in Transition from Laminar
Flow to Turbulent Flow.
This transition occurs at some Critical Velocity.
If the velocity is reduced slightly, the fluid

returns to Laminar flow.
Conversely, if the velocity is increased,

turbulence is achieved.
Scomi Oiltools
Example Flow Profiles
Fluid velocity diminishes to

Velocity Profile in the annulus almost zero at the face of the
drill pipe borehole wall borehole and the drill pipe due to
frictional drag .
n = 0.7
n = 0.5 Vertical well bore

n = 0.3
Horizontal well bore
Maximum velocity
Scomi Oiltools
CRITICAL VELOCITY
The Critical Velocity is that velocity when the movement of

a fluid changes from
Laminar Transitional Turbulent
It is largely governed by the ratio of the fluid’s internal

forces to it’s viscous forces.
This ratio is known commonly as the Reynold’s Number.
We must know the Reynold’s Number to determine the

Critical Velocity.
Scomi Oiltools
REYNOLDS NUMBER
It is the ratio of the fluid’s internal forces to it’s viscous

forces.
The Reynolds Number is based on the following formula:
Nre = ( Dfc * Va * Dm ) / Fv
Where: Dfc = Dimensions of the flow channel
Va = Average flow velocity
Dm = Density of the fluid
Fv = Fluid viscosity
Scomi Oiltools
CIRCULATING PRESSURE LOSSES!
Surface Equipment:
 From Mud Pump to Top of Drill pipe
 Varies from Rig to Rig - typically 100 psi
Drill string:
Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA):
 MWD tools
 Downhole Motors
Drill Bit:
 Nozzle number and size
Annulus:
 Open hole
 Casing
 Tool Joints
Scomi Oiltools
CIRCULATING SYSTEM - Shear Rate Ranges!
Settling Barite Particle Drill Pipe Drill Collars
Annulus Bit
H.C.*
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
SHEAR RATE (1/sec)

*H.C = Hydroclones
Scomi Oiltools
Primary Design Criteria
Pore Pressure < Hydrostatic Pressure/ECD < Fracture Pressure
Fracture Pressure Gradient

Depth
Pore Pressure Gradient

Mud Weight
Pressure or Equivalent Mud Weight
 Poor Design will likely lead to:

 Wellbore Control
 Lost Circulation
Scomi Oiltools
Hydraulics Design Criteria
Casing / Completion Operations

Pump Capacity Tripping Speed
Pore Pressure Optimum

Design Maximum ROP
Fracture Pressure
Hole Geometry / Cleaning Bit Hydraulics
BHA Design
Scomi Oiltools
Key Variables in Hydraulics
Pump Rate
 High
 Good Hole Cleaning
 Too High
 Excessive Pump Pressure
 High ECD
 Annular Turbulence
Density
 High
 Wellbore Stability and Control
 Too high
 Low ROP,
 Lost Circulation,
 Differential Sticking
Scomi Oiltools
Key Variables in Hydraulics
Rheology
 High
 Good hole Cleaning
 No Barite Sag
 Too High
 Low ROP
High ECD
High Pump Pressure
Inefficient Solids Removal
Scomi Oiltools
Design
Mud Selection
– Environment
– Lithology
– Cost
Modify Rheology and Hydraulics to meet Drilling Requirements

– Geometry
Modify Drilling Parameters to meet needs of Hydraulics
Tools
 Accurate Dynamic Hydraulics Software
 Hole Cleaning Software
Scomi Oiltools
The Steps – Hydraulic Modeling
Draw the wellbore geometry.
Calculate the total annular pressure drop.
Calculate the ECD.
Calculate the Critical Flow Velocity and Flow Rate around

the drill collars.
Calculate surge and swab pressures.
Calculate cuttings transport efficiency.
Calculate the pressure drop in the drill string.
Optimise bit hydraulics.
Scomi Oiltools
SOFTWARE INPUT
Project Info
Formation/Survey Details
Tubular Data - roughness
Fluid Parameters
Scomi Oiltools
OUTPUT INFORMATION
Circulation Hydraulics
Hydrostatic Pressure
Frictional pressure losses
Fluid Displacement
Surge/Swab
Q Design – Version 3
Sensitivity Analysis
Scomi Oiltools
FORGET IT
???????
Scomi Oiltools

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Training Division - DFSG

Mechanical and Flow properties of Fluids as

Otherwise referred to as “Fluid Mechanics”

An operation where the drilling fluid is used to

Part of this energy is used to clean the face of the

The pressures exerted in circulating a well can be

We need to know the TYPE of fluid!

Hydrostatic Pressure Optimisation

Surge and Swab Control whilst Tripping

Limitation of Pump Capacity

Optimisation of Drilling Operation

Fluid Rheology affects carrying capacity, slip

Fluid Rheology also affects the suspending

Rheology is the science of the deformation and

When applied to Drilling Fluids, rheology deals

Each of these three items is inter-related to the

Viscosity relates to the resistance to deformation exhibited by

In our world, we can think of it as a relationship that exists

We must not think in terms of “thick” and “thin”.

Viscosity is calculated with the following formula:

Viscosity = Shear Stress / Shear Rate

The Marsh funnel is NOT a measure of viscosity.

Definition: Force applied across a unit area to

For Water Viscosity is 1 Centipoise

For H2O-Constant irrespective of force applied.

Circulating Pressures - E.C.D.

Pipe Movement Pressures - Swab & Surge

Erosion - Flow Regimes

Basic formula is:

Where: F = Force applied (dynes)

Shear rate is defined as the relative velocity of the

Shear rate is expressed in reciprocal seconds (sec-1).

Basic formula is:

Where: V = Velocity (cm/sec)

SHEAR STRESS & RATE

► Shear Stress, lbs/100 ft² = Dial Reading X

► The Shear Rate equivalent to the rpm’s of a

 Fluids can be classified based on rheological

 We are primarily concerned with just two TYPES

If a force is applied to a fluid layer, it should move. Every force

All fluids exhibit some internal resistance to flow. This is known as

Examples are water, glycerine, oil, etc.

A Non-Newtonian fluid is basically any fluid that does not

They contain solid particles of various sizes that form a

When sufficient force is applied the structure “yields” and

As per BINGHAM model, c > 0 but m is constant over a range

For a NON-NEWTONIAN fluid, the ratio of Shear Stress to Shear

MOST drilling fluids are NON-NEWTONIAN fluids.

Any measurement of viscosity on a NON-NEWTONIAN fluid must

We calculate EFFECTIVE VISCOSITY, (me), as opposed to

Effective viscosity is measured at shear rates that correspond to

Commonly used in the drilling fluids industry:

The simplest model, and one of the most commonly used, is

Assumes the shear stress is a linear function of shear rate,

Best characterises fluids at higher shear rates.

PV and YP are calculated from a conventional concentric

Bingham Model - Graphically Illustrated y=mx+c

It more closely approximates the low shear rate behaviour