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    Chapter 14 Support and Movement in Humans and Animals

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    TI YEE SAN KPM-Guru
    The document discusses the skeletal and musculskeletal systems in humans and animals. It covers the three types of skeletons - exoskeleton, endoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton. For the human skeletal system, it describes the axial skeleton including the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton including the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs. It also discusses the structure and types of vertebrae in the spinal column, as well as joints and muscles.

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    Chapter 14 Support and Movement in Humans and Animals

    Uploaded by

    TI YEE SAN KPM-Guru
    19 views15 pages
    The document discusses the skeletal and musculskeletal systems in humans and animals. It covers the three types of skeletons - exoskeleton, endoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton. For the human skeletal system, it describes the axial skeleton including the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton including the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs. It also discusses the structure and types of vertebrae in the spinal column, as well as joints and muscles.

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    CHAPTER 14 SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS

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    The document discusses the skeletal and musculskeletal systems in humans and animals. It covers the three types of skeletons - exoskeleton, endoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton. For the human skeletal system, it describes the axial skeleton including the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton including the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs. It also discusses the structure and types of vertebrae in the spinal column, as well as joints and muscles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views15 pages

    Chapter 14 Support and Movement in Humans and Animals

    Uploaded by

    TI YEE SAN KPM-Guru
    The document discusses the skeletal and musculskeletal systems in humans and animals. It covers the three types of skeletons - exoskeleton, endoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton. For the human skeletal system, it describes the axial skeleton including the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton including the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs. It also discusses the structure and types of vertebrae in the spinal column, as well as joints and muscles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    CHAPTER 14:

    SUPPORT AND
    MOVEMENT IN
    HUMANS AND
    ANIMALS
    • 14.1 TYPES OF
    • SKELETONS
    14.2
    MUSCULOSKELETAL
    SKELETAL S Y S T E M
    • Multicellular organisms need skeletal system to
    provide support because they have soft body
    tissues
    • There are three types of skeletons:
    • Exoskeleton
    • Endoskeleton
    • Hydrostatic skeleton
    EXOSKELETON
    • Found on outside of the body

    • Usually found in insects and crabs

    • Function to support and protect the internal


    body organs from damage , and enable
    them to move
    ENDOSKELETO
    N
    • Found in all vertebrates

    • Made of bones and cartilage

    • Function to:
    • Maintain body shape
    • Support soft body tissues
    • Protect internal organs from injury
    HYDROSTATIC
    SKELETON
    • Found in soft-bodied organisms like
    earthworm and sea anemones
    • Consist of internal body fluids within the
    body spaces
    • Fluid is held under pressure and surrounded
    by muscles ,thus forms a soft-walled structure
    • Function to maintain rigid body shape
    14.2
    MUSCULOSKEL
    ETAL SYSTEM
    OF HUMANS
    ----- Axial skeleton
    Skull -----Appendicular skeleton
    Pectoral
    Clavicle
    girdle
    Spacula
    Sternum Rib
    Vertebrsl column Ribs cage

    Humerus Ilium Pelvic


    Pubis girdle
    Upper Radius Ischium
    limb Ulna
    Carpus
    Metacarpals
    Femur
    Phalanges
    Patella

    HUMAN Tibia
    Filuna
    Lower
    Tarsals
    SKELETA Metatarsals
    limb

    Phalanges
    L
    HUMAN VERTEBRAL COLUMN
    • Vertebral column is also known as spine or backbones
    • It protects the spinal cord, supports the head and serves
    as point of attachment for ribs, pelvic girdle and
    muscles
    • Has 33 vertebrae:
    (a)7 cervical vertebrae
    (b)12 thoracic vertebrae
    (c)5 lumbar vertebrae
    (d)5 sacral vertebrae(sacrum)
    (e)4 caudal vertebrae(coccyx)
    • Cervical,thoracic and lumbar is movable but sacral and
    caudal is not moveable
    Cervical Vertebrae
    • First 2 cervical vertebrae has slightly difference but others are same

    Atlas vertebrae Axial vertebrae Cervical vertebrae


    • First cervical vertebrae • Second cervical vertebrae • Have short spinous process
    • Has large neural canal, small • Has large spinous process,small • Small centrum
    spinous process, transverse process and a pair of • Wide and short transverse process
    • a pair of transverse foramina but transverse foramina • A pair of transverse foramina
    no centrum • Has an odontoid process that articulates
    • Articulates(connects) with facet of atlas vertebra's neural canal
    • with skull
    Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar
    Sacral vertebrae
    vertebrae
    • Have long spinous process • Largest and strongest vertebrae • Triangular bone formed through fusion of
    • Spinous and transverse processes • Have a short spinous process five bones
    serve as attachment sites for • Have a large centrum to bear the weight
    muscles and ligaments of the lower back of the bodu

    Caudal vertebrae
    • Triangular bone formed by fusion of four
    bones
    COMPARISON BETWEEN
    VERTEBRAE
    Differences:
    Types of vertebrae Spinous process Transverse process Size of centrum Transverse foramen

    Cervical Short Wide and short Small Yes

    Thoracic Long Long Medium No

    Lumbar Short Short Large No

    Similarity:
    All vertebrae have spinous and transverse ,centrum(except atlas vertebra) and neural canal
    JOINT
    • A joint is a place whre two or more bones meet
    FREELY MOVEABLE
    • A freely moveableJOINT
    joint is also known as synovial joint
    • Since bones are too rigid and cannot bend without
    injury ,we need joint to enable the bones to move in that has cavity filled with fluid
    relation to one another. • It has four main features:
    • There are tree types of joint: Capsule: Fibrous tissue that protects
    • Immovable joint- Suture at cranium of skull the joint
    • Slightly moveable joint- cartilage discs
    Cartilage: Acts as cushion to the
    between vertebrae and cartilage disc joints,absorb shocks and also reduce
    between first rib and sternum friction between bone ends to
    • Freely moveable joint- Hinge joint and ball- prevent wearing out
    and-socket joint
    Synovial membrane: Secretes
    synovial fluid into synovial cavity

    Synovial fluid:Acts as lubricant to


    Cartilage reduce friction between bones
    discs
    BALL-AND-SOCKET HINGE JOINT
    JOINT
    • Allows rotational movement of bones in all • Allows movement of bones in one plane
    directions • Found in:
    • Allows the swinging of arms and legs in • elbows
    ciecular motion • phalanges of fingers and toes
    • Found at : • knees
    • shoulder joint between the humerus and • Allow lower leg to swing back and forth
    pectoral girdle
    • hip joint between the femur and pelvic girdle
    SKELETAL MUSCLE
    • Responsible for voluntary body movement
    LIGAMENT
    • Comprises bundles of muscle fibres with a large supply of nerve and • Connects bone to bone
    blood vessels • A tough, elastic and strong connective tissue
    • Attached to at least two bones across joints by tendons • Provide support and strength to joints
    • Produce movement by exerting pull force but cannot push • Allow bones to be bent at the joints
    • So it has to be extended back to its original length by opposing action
    of another muscle

    TENDON
    • As such, muscles must work in pairs and this is called antagonistic
    muscles: When one muscle relaxes,the other muscle relaxes
    • The muscle that straighten the limb when it contracts is called extensor • Connects bone to muscle
    • The muscle that bend the limb when it contracts is called flexor • Tough,strong,flexible and inelastic strands of connective
    tissues
    THANK YOU!

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