Principles of Anatomy and Physiology in Sport

Principles of anatomy and
physiology in sport.
Axial Appendicular
The Axial skeleton involves the The Appendicular skeleton is

skull, rib cage and the the bones and joints that
vertebral column. The purpose produce movement. These
of these bones are protection, include the upper and lower
they protect the vital organs limbs, the shoulder girdle and
and spinal cord. the pelvis.
Cranium
Scapula
Sternum
Clavicle
Humerus
Vertebral Ribs
Pelvis
column
Ilium
Ischium
Radius Ulna
Pubis Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Patella
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals Phalanges
Metatarsals
Types of bones.
1. Long bones
2. Flat bones
3. Short bones
4. Irregular bones
5. Sesamoid bones
Each bone is specific to the location and its

purpose. Bones give us support and
protection. Bones also act as area for muscle
attachment, production of red blood cells and
storage for minerals.
Types of bones
Long bones
The long bones include the Femur, Tibia,

Fibula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna,
Metacarpals and Metatarsals and the
Phalanges.
Types of bones
Short bones
The short bones include the Carpals

and Tarsals. Short bones are as wide as
they are long. They provide support and
stability with little movement.
Types of bones
Flat bones
The flat bones include
the Scapula, the
Sternum, Cranium,
Pelvis and Ribs
Types of bones
Irregular bones
Irregular bones include

the Vertebral column,
Sacrum and Mandible.
Irregular bones fall into
no other category due
to there shape. The
vertebral column
protects the spinal
cord.
Types of bones
Sesamoid bones
An example of a Sesamoid
bone is the patella.
Sesamoid bones are
usually present in a tendon
where it passes over a joint
which serves to protect the
tendon.
Vertebral column
There are five sections to

the vertebral column.
1.Cervical vertebrae
2.Thoracic vertebrae
3.Lumbar vertebrae
4.Sacral
5.Coccyx
Joint classification
Fixed joint (Fiborus joint)

• Non movable
• Held together by bands of
tissue
• Extremely strong
• E.g. Cranium
Cartilaginous joint
• Slightly movable joints
• Articulating surfaces
• Pads of cartilage between
joints to reduce friction
• E.g. Vertebral column
The synovial joint consists of a
number of different features:
Synovial joint.
•Freely movable joint •Synovial membrane - capsule that
•Extremely important to athletes produce a liquid which lubricates the
•These joints allow movement joint.
and enable us to participate in
sports •Synovial fluid - lubricates joint.
•E.g. knee joint
•Ligaments - hold the bones together
and keep them in place.
•Articular cartilage - on the ends of the

bones, allows smooth movement to
stop bones grinding on each other.
•A joint cavity - between the two

bones, allows the synovial fluid to pool
and lubricate the joint.
•Joint capsule - helps hold bones in

place.
Movement in sport
Extension
Flexion
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Rotation
Pronation
Supination
Hyper-extension
Plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion
Synovial joints
Hinge joint
The hinge joint is a cylinder shaped bone

that sits onto a slightly curved bone.
The hinge joint can be found at the knee

and elbow.
The hinge joint can do two types of

movement, Flexion and Extension.
A sporting example of when the hinge joint

would be used is during a game of netball
when throwing the ball to a team mate.
Synovial joints
Ball and socket joint

The ball and socket joint allows
movement in all directions, flexion,
extension, adduction, abduction,
rotation and circumduction.
One bone has a rounded ball shaped

end and fits into a cup shaped socket.
The ball and socket joint can be found

at the hip and shoulder.
A sporting example of using the ball

and socket joint would be performing
the front crawl arm action in
swimming.
Synovial joints
Condyloid joint
The Condyloid joint allows movement
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction
and circumduction (backwards, forwards
and side to side).
This joint is similar to the ball and socket

joint, the cup shaped socket is slightly less
hollow.
The Condyloid joint can be found in the

wrist.
A sporting example of using the Condyloid

joint would be a downward spin in a game
of table tennis.
Synovial joints
Gliding joint
The gliding joint allows movement in all
directions in a gliding movement.
Bones slide over each other with ligaments

holding the joint in place.
The gliding joint can be found in the wrist

and ankles(carpals and tarsals).
A sporting example of using gliding joint

would be spinning the ball when throwing it
to a team mate in a game of rugby.
Synovial joints
Pivot joint
The Pivot joint allows one movement,
rotation.
A ring of bone joins together with a peg

shaped bone of another.
The ball and socket joint can be found at

neck (vertebral column).
A sporting example of using a pivot joint

would be turning to look for the ball in a
game of water polo.
Synovial joints
Saddle joint
The saddle joint allows flexion, extension,
adduction, abduction and circumduction.
Bones slide over each other, similar to the

Condyloid joint but there is no socket.
The saddle joint is found in the thumb at

the base.
A sporting example of using the saddle

joint would be grasping the ball in a game
of cricket to ensure the ball is held tightly to
avoid dropping it.

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Principles of anatomy and

The Axial skeleton involves the The Appendicular skeleton is

Each bone is specific to the location and its

The long bones include the Femur, Tibia,

The short bones include the Carpals

Irregular bones include

There are five sections to

Fixed joint (Fiborus joint)

•Articular cartilage - on the ends of the

•A joint cavity - between the two

•Joint capsule - helps hold bones in

The hinge joint is a cylinder shaped bone

The hinge joint can be found at the knee

The hinge joint can do two types of

A sporting example of when the hinge joint

Ball and socket joint

One bone has a rounded ball shaped

The ball and socket joint can be found

A sporting example of using the ball

This joint is similar to the ball and socket

The Condyloid joint can be found in the

A sporting example of using the Condyloid

Bones slide over each other with ligaments

The gliding joint can be found in the wrist

A sporting example of using gliding joint

A ring of bone joins together with a peg

The ball and socket joint can be found at

A sporting example of using a pivot joint

Bones slide over each other, similar to the

The saddle joint is found in the thumb at

A sporting example of using the saddle

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