IE251 - Lecture 07 - Metals 1
IE251 - Lecture 07 - Metals 1
IE251 - Lecture 07 - Metals 1
IE251
Lecture 7: Metals -1
Outline
1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers
4. Composites
Metals
Since only two components are involved (sugar and water), the
sum of the concentrations at any composition will equal 100 wt
%.
The solubility limit is represented as the nearly vertical line in the
figure.
For compositions and temperatures to the left of the solubility
line, only the syrup liquid solution exists; to the right of the
line, syrup and solid sugar coexist.
For example, at 20oC the maximum solubility of sugar in water
is 65 wt%.
The solubility limit increases slightly with rising temperature.
Solubility limit
If more than one phase is present in a given system, each will have its own
distinct properties, and a boundary separating the phases will exist across
which there will be a discontinuous and abrupt change in physical and/or
chemical characteristics.
Also, when a substance can exist in two or more polymorphic forms (e.g.,
having both FCC and BCC structures), each of these structures is a separate
phase because their respective physical characteristics differ.
Generally, the phases interact in such a way that the property combination of
the multiphase system is different from, and more attractive than, either of
the individual phases.
Types of Alloys
Alloys
Intermediate
Solid Solutions Phases
Metallic Inter-metallic
Substitutional Interstitial Compounds Compound
Solid Solutions
Atomic radii
must be
similar
Lower
valence Must be small
metal is atoms:
usually Hydrogen,
solvent Carbon,
Nitrogen,
Boron
Figure 6.1
Substitutional solid solution - atoms Interstitial solid solution - atoms of
of solvent element are replaced in dissolving element fit into vacant spaces
its unit cell by dissolved element between base metal atoms in the lattice
structure
In both forms, the alloy structure is generally stronger and
harder than either of the component elements
Two Forms of Solid Solutions
Intermediate
Solid Solutions Phases
Metallic Inter-metallic
Substitutional Interstitial Compounds Compound
Intermediate Phases
There are usually limits to the solubility of one element in
another
S phase proportion = CL
CS CL
= (50-36)/(14+12)=54%
*
And the proportion of liquid
phase present is given by
L phase proportion = CS
= 100% - 54%= 46% (CS CL )
100
*
Tin-Lead Phase Diagram
Solid lead and
molten mixture
Solid solution of
Lead in Tin
Widely used
Pure tin melts at 232C (449F) Solid Tin and lead in soldering
Pure lead melts at 327C (621F) for making
electrical
connections
Solid solution of
Lead in Tin
eutectic composition
61.9% Sn
One feature is the presence of two solid phases, alpha (α) and beta (β). The α phase is a solid
solution of tin in lead at the left side of the diagram, and the β phase is a solid solution of lead in
tin that occurs only at elevated temperatures around 200oC (375oF) at the right side of the
diagram.
Tin-Lead Phase Diagram
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5dwpTqacqc
Ferrous Metals
Ferrite
Alpha ferrite denoted α-ferrite or ferrite
It is a solid solution of carbon in bcc iron
Delta ferrite (δ-ferrite) is stable only at very high
temperatures and is of no practical significance in
engineering
Ferrite is soft and ductile
It is magnetic from room temperature to 768°C, Curie
temperature
Austenite
Within a certain temperature range, iron undergoes a
polymorphic transformation from a BCC to a FCC structure,
Becomes gamma iron (γ-iron) or austenite
Austenite is denser than ferrite and important in heat
treatment
Austenite can absorb significantly higher amount of carbon
as compared to ferrite.
Possesses good formability
Austenite
Cementite
Right boundary of the iron – iron-carbide phase diagram
represents cementite (Fe3C), also called carbide
Cementite is very hard and brittle intermetallic compound
Has a significant influence on the properties of steels
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUMcbctDNtM
Steel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8SYhISGxN4
Cast Irons
Figure: Carbon and silicon % for cast irons, compared to steels (most steels
have relatively low Si % ‑ cast steels have higher Si %).
Types of Cast Irons
Chemical
treatment