1 Solids
1 Solids
1 Solids
• Sample Papers
INTRODUCTION
Apart from liquid and gaseous states, solid state is a state of matter. Solids have
very strong intermolecular interactions, and there are very few vacant spaces
between the atoms/ions/molecules. As a result, they have a predetermined shape
and volume.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
On the basis of the following parameter, solids are broadly classified as:
Classification based on various properties.
Crystalline solids
Amorphous solids
Based on bonding
Solids are classified according to the sort of bonding present in their building units.
The table below lists many types of solids as well as their properties.
The different properties of the four types of solids are listed as:
Molecula
r Solids
Molecules Dispersion Ar , CCl4 , Soft Insulator Very
Non Polar
or London H 2 , I 2 , low
forces CO 2
C(graphite)
"Unit Cell" refers to the smallest component of a crystal lattice that can be repeated
in all directions to form the full crystal lattice.
Small spheres represent the atoms of ions or molecules in a unit cell. Variations in
the following parameters produce several lattices:
For these 7 types of unit cells, 14 types of Lattices exist in nature. These 14 lattices
are named as “Bravais Lattices”.
90
Here, ,
and
are the
sizes of
three
angles
between
the axes.
PbWO4
Rhombo Simple: Points at the edge corners of the unit cell. NaNO3 , CaSO4 ,
hedral or calcite, quartz,
Trigonal As, Sb, Bi
a bc ,
90
Hexagon Simple: Points at the twelve or points at the twelve ZnO, PbS, CdS ,
120
Triclinic Simple: Points at eight corners of the unit cell. CaSO4 .5H2O ,
K 2Cr2O7 , H3BO3
abc
90
The focus will primarily be on cubic unit cells and their arrangements.
Corners
Body centre
Face centres
The contributions of a sphere stored at various locations are as follows:
Location Contribution
Corners 1/8
Body Centre 1
The following factors distinguish these unit cells from one another:
The unit cell's rank (effective number of spheres inside a unit cell).
The relationship between the radius and the edge length of a single sphere.
Body 8 1 - 2 68% 3a
r
Centred 4
Face 8 - 6 4 74% 2a
r
Centred 4
Where, Z is the rank of the unit cell, M is the molar mass of the solid, a is the edge
length of the unit cell, NA is the Avogadro number.
Square Packing
Hexagonal Packing
Spheres are arranged in square packing in such a way that the rows are both
horizontal and vertical. The Co-ordination number is 4 in this situation.
On the other hand, we get BCC unit cells and ABAB type of packing when
spheres from the second layer are inserted in depressions from the first layer.
The following are examples of hexagonal foundation layer arrangements:
When we place the second hexagonal layer A in the depressions of the first
hexagonal layer A, we get two sorts of voids. Hollow and through voids of layer A
and layer B are the X kind of voids. Layer B voids that are directly above spheres
in layer A are referred to as Y type voids. When the spheres of the second layer are
placed over Y voids, layer 1 is repeated, and ABABAB type packing is obtained.
The hexagonal unit cell is obtained in this arrangement, and the packing is known
as hexagonal close packing (HCP). This packing has a 74 percent efficiency.
VOIDS
Definition
Voids are the empty spaces inside a sphere. The amount and shape of voids is
determined by the unit cell and packing used.
Types of voids
Trigonal Void
It is the void formed of equal radii which touches each other as shown in the
figure.
Radius Ratio
r
0.155
R
Smallest void
Coordination number is 3.
Tetrahedral Void
It is formed by the contact of four spheres and is located in the centre of a
tetrahedron formed by the contact of four spheres.
a 3
Position at a distance: from every corner.
4
Coordination number is 4.
Octahedral Void
r
Radius ratio 0.414
R
Rank is 4.
Coordination number is 6.
Cubic Void
The voids formed by the close contact of eight spheres.
The following are the key points:
r
Radius ratio is equal to 0.732
R
r+ C. N. Shape Example
Limiting Radius Ratio x
r-
On the basis of these ratio ranges, the ionic crystal is classified into five categories
which are as follows:
Coordination number of Na + is 6.
The Coordination of Zn + 2 is 4.
Effective formula is Ca 4 F8 .
Coordination number of F is 4.
a 3
rZn + 2 rS2
4
a 3
rLi rO2
4
a 3
rCs rCl
4
IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS
In a crystal structure sometimes some imperfections or defects occur:
Classification of defects
Vacancies
This type of defect occurs when the positions that should contain atoms or ions are
vacant.
Interstitial Sites
These are sites located between regular positions; sometimes atoms or ions may
occupy these positions.
Schottky Defects
In ionic solids, it's a vacancy defect. Electrical neutrality is maintained because the
number of missing cations and anions is equal. The density of the substance is
reduced as a result of this flaw. Ionic compounds with almost identical cation and
anion sizes demonstrate the flaw. Examples are: KCl, NaCl, AgBr etc.
Frenkel Defect
The smaller ion is relocated from its typical position to an interstitial region in
ionic solids. At its original place, it causes a vacancy defect, and at new locations,
it causes an interstitial defect. Dislocation defect is another name for it. It has no
effect on the solid's density. Ionic compounds with a considerable disparity in ion
size are examples of this type of defect.
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