Data Management

Mathematics as a Tool
STATISTICS
Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the

collection, classification, analysis, interpretation or
explanation and presentation of data or facts, for
drawing inferences on the basis of their quantifiable
likelihood (probability).
TYPES OF STATISTICS
1. Descriptive - brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given

data set, which can be either a representation of the entire or a
sample of a population.
2. Inferential - Inferential statistics are techniques that allow us to
use these samples to make generalizations about the populations
from which the samples were drawn. It is, therefore, important that
the sample accurately represents the population.
POPULATION and SAMPLE
A POPULATION is the entire group of individuals you want

to study, and a SAMPLE is a subset of that group.
A SURVEY is a data collection activity involving a
sample of the population.
A CENSUS collects information about every member
of the population.
POPULATION
SAMPLE
CENSUS SURVE
Y
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Probability Sampling Method
Probability sampling means that every item in the population has an

equal chance of being included in sample. One way to undertake random
sampling would be if researcher was to construct a sampling frame first
and then used a random number generation computer program to pick a
sample from the sampling frame. Probability or random sampling has
the greatest freedom from bias but may represent the most costly sample
in terms of time and energy for a given level of sampling error .
The SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE means that every case of the population has an
equal probability of inclusion in sample.
CLUSTER SAMPLING is where the whole population is divided into clusters or

groups. Subsequently, a random sample is taken from these clusters, all of which are
used in the final sample.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING is where every nth case after a random start is selected.
For example, if surveying a sample of consumers, every fifth consumer may be
selected from your sample. The advantage of this sampling technique is its simplicity.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING is where the population is divided into strata (or subgroups)
and a random sample is taken from each subgroup. A subgroup is a natural set of items.
Subgroups might be based on company size, gender or occupation (to name but a few).
Non-probability Sampling Method
Non probability sampling is often associated with case study research

design and qualitative research. With regards to the latter, case studies
tend to focus on small samples and are intended to examine a real life
phenomenon, not to make statistical inferences in relation to the wider
population. A sample of participants or cases does not need to be
representative, or
random, but a clear rationale is needed for the inclusion of some cases
or individuals rather than others.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING is selecting participants because they are
often readily and easily available.
PURPOSIVE OR JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING is a strategy in which particular

settings persons or events are selected deliberately in order to provide important
information that cannot be obtained from other choices.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING is a non random sampling method that uses a few cases to
help encourage other cases to take part in the study, thereby increasing sample size.
QUOTA SAMPLING is a non random sampling technique in which participants are

chosen on the basis of predetermined characteristics so that the total sample will have
the same distribution of characteristics as the wider population.
Classification of variables
A VARIABLE may also be called a data item. Age, sex, business income and
expenses, country of birth, capital expenditure, class grades, eye color and
vehicle type are examples of variables.
 Qualitative
 Quantitative
 Discrete
 Continuous
 Independent
 Dependent
Classification of variables
Qualitative – classification of individuals based on

attribute or characteristic.
Color, textures, size, smell, tastes, appearance
Quantitative – provide numerical measures of
individual.
Length, height, age, weight, time
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
A DISCRETE VARIABLE is a variable whose value is obtained by counting.
Examples: number of students present
number of red marbles in a jar
number of heads when flipping three coins
A CONTINUOUS VARIABLE is a variable whose value is obtained by
measuring.
Examples: height of students in class
weight of students in class
time it takes to get to school
students’ grade level
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
An INDEPENDENT VARIABLE is a variable that represents a
quantity that is being manipulated in an experiment.
A DEPENDENT VARIABLE represents a quantity whose
value depends on how the independent variable is manipulated.
You are doing chores to earn your

allowance.
For each chore you do, you earn $3.
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENTS.
RATIO Zero
INTERVAL Distance between data
ORDINAL Order, rankings
NOMINAL Attributes are named using symbols

Population, Sample, Descriptive, Inferential, Variables,
Quantitative, Qualitative, Discrete, Continuous, Dependent,
Independent, Survey, Census
1. Group of individuals you want to study. Population
2. The variable that is being manipulated in an experiment.

Independent Variable
3. Collection of data of a population. Census
4. Variables that are obtained by measuring. Continuous
5. Collection of data of a sample size. Survey
Population, Sample, Descriptive, Inferential, Variables,
Quantitative, Qualitative, Discrete, Continuous, Dependent,
Independent, Survey, Census
6. Techniques that allow researchers to make

conclusion based on the data gathered. Inferential
7. A variable whose value is obtained by counting. Discrete

Variable
8. Another term for data item.
9. Classification of individuals
Qualitative based on characteristic.
10.A Subset of a population. Sample
SEEYOU NEXT MEETING!

Data Management

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Mathematics as a Tool

Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the

1. Descriptive - brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given

A POPULATION is the entire group of individuals you want

Probability sampling means that every item in the population has an

CLUSTER SAMPLING is where the whole population is divided into clusters or

Non probability sampling is often associated with case study research

PURPOSIVE OR JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING is a strategy in which particular

QUOTA SAMPLING is a non random sampling technique in which participants are

Qualitative – classification of individuals based on

You are doing chores to earn your

INTERVAL Distance between data

ORDINAL Order, rankings

NOMINAL Attributes are named using symbols

1. Group of individuals you want to study. Population

2. The variable that is being manipulated in an experiment.

6. Techniques that allow researchers to make

7. A variable whose value is obtained by counting. Discrete

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