BIOLOGY - F4 - CHAPTER - 13 - Homeostasis and The Human Urinary System
BIOLOGY - F4 - CHAPTER - 13 - Homeostasis and The Human Urinary System
BIOLOGY - F4 - CHAPTER - 13 - Homeostasis and The Human Urinary System
H O M E O S TA S I S
AND THE HUMAN
URINARY
SYSTEM
B I O L O G I T I N G K ATA N 4 K S S M
13.1
H O M E O S TA S I S
HOMEOSTASIS
• Homeostasis is the
regulation of physical and
chemical factors of the
internal environment within
normal ranges for the cell
to function in optimum
conditions.
PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL FACTORS OF
THE INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
• The physical factors that need to be
regulated are temperature, osmotic blood
pressure and blood pressure.
• The chemicals that need to be regulated
are pH value, the concentration of
minerals and blood sugar concentrations.
• Any deviation from the normal range
triggers the homeostatic mechanism which
involves negative feedback.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
FACTORS OF THE INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
• COLD : skeletal
muscle contract
and relax rapidly
REGUL ATION OF
BODY TEMPERATURE
BY EFFECTORS
THROUGH PHYSICAL
METHODS
• Impuls saraf
dicetuskan dan
dihantar
• Pusat kawalan
respirasi dan pusat
kawalan
kardiovaskular di
dalam medula
oblongata.
MEK ANISME PENGAWAL ATURAN
TEK ANAN SEPARA K ARBON
DIOKSIDA DAL AM DARAH
• Rembesan berlaku di
sepanjang tubul renal
dan duktus pengumpul
tetapi paling aktif di
tubul berlingkar distal.
• Rembesan berlaku
secara resapan ringkas
dan pengangkutan aktif.
REMBESAN
• Bahan yang dirembes
termasuklah ion hidrogen
(H+), ion kalium (K+), ion
ammonium (NH4+), urea,
kreatinina, bahan toksik dan
sesetengah dadah.
• Rembesan menyingkirkan
bahan buangan toksik serta
membantu mengawal atur
aras ion dalam darah.
PEMBENTUKAN AIR KENCING
• Apabila bendalir renal sampai ke duktus
pengumpul, hanya sedikit garam yang
tinggal dan kebanyakan air telah diserap
semula ke dalam aliran darah.
• Baki bendalir renal yang kini disebut
air kencing, mengalir menuruni duktus
pengumpul. Di sini, sedikit urea meresap
keluar ke bendalir persekitaran dan
kapilari darah kerana saiz molekulnya
yang kecil.
PEMBENTUKAN AIR KENCING