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    MINERAL

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    elona jciml
    Minerals are inorganic elements that are essential for various bodily functions. They constitute 4% of total body weight and are classified as either macro minerals which are required in larger amounts or micro minerals which are needed in smaller amounts. Important macro minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur. Key micro minerals are iron, iodine, fluoride, selenium, copper, and zinc. Minerals serve structural and catalytic roles and participate in biochemical processes like nerve signaling and muscle contraction. Deficiencies can impair growth, development, and various organ systems.

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    MINERAL

    Uploaded by

    elona jciml
    4 views35 pages
    Minerals are inorganic elements that are essential for various bodily functions. They constitute 4% of total body weight and are classified as either macro minerals which are required in larger amounts or micro minerals which are needed in smaller amounts. Important macro minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur. Key micro minerals are iron, iodine, fluoride, selenium, copper, and zinc. Minerals serve structural and catalytic roles and participate in biochemical processes like nerve signaling and muscle contraction. Deficiencies can impair growth, development, and various organ systems.

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    MINERAL (1)

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    Minerals are inorganic elements that are essential for various bodily functions. They constitute 4% of total body weight and are classified as either macro minerals which are required in larger amounts or micro minerals which are needed in smaller amounts. Important macro minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur. Key micro minerals are iron, iodine, fluoride, selenium, copper, and zinc. Minerals serve structural and catalytic roles and participate in biochemical processes like nerve signaling and muscle contraction. Deficiencies can impair growth, development, and various organ systems.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    4 views35 pages

    MINERAL

    Uploaded by

    elona jciml
    Minerals are inorganic elements that are essential for various bodily functions. They constitute 4% of total body weight and are classified as either macro minerals which are required in larger amounts or micro minerals which are needed in smaller amounts. Important macro minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur. Key micro minerals are iron, iodine, fluoride, selenium, copper, and zinc. Minerals serve structural and catalytic roles and participate in biochemical processes like nerve signaling and muscle contraction. Deficiencies can impair growth, development, and various organ systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    MINERALS

    • Are inorganic chemical elements not attached to a C atom.

    • Participate in many biochemical and physiological processes .

    • Constitute 4% of total body weight

    • They are essential structural components of body tissues and are vital
    for body processes

    • They can act as catalysts in enzyme systems.

    • Some form integral parts of organic compounds.


    Minerals are classified

    1. Macro Minerals (Principal Elements)

    • Are required in relatively larger amounts > 100 mg/day

    • Are found in the body in amounts > 5g. Egg- Ca, P, S, Mg, Na Cl2, K.

    2 . Micro minerals( Trace elements)

    • Minerals that the body needs only in tiny amounts.

    • Are very important despite their low levels.

    • Our body requires less than 100 mg/day. Egg. I, Fe, Se


    Calcium

    • The most abundant mineral

    • Most of the Ca in body is found in the bone and teeth (99%)

    • 1% is found in the blood and tissues for the purpose of:

    Biological role of calcium


    • Nerve impulse transmission

    • Regulation of muscle contraction

    • Maintenance of acid base balance

    • Regulation of biochemical reaction and blood coagulation


    Sources
    • Milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream

    • Fish with bones (salmon, sardines)

    • spinach

    • Legumes; soybeans, tofu

    • Fortified juices & breads


    Deficiency

    • Young children – lack of bone mineralization and can lead to a


    condition like that of rickets

    • In adults – can lead to osteomalacia in which case there is


    demineralization of the bone especially peripheral bones

    • Osteoporosis: is a decrease in bone quantity (mass) per unit volume.


    Phosphorus

    • Phosphorus is the 2nd most abundant mineral in the body

    • 85% is found bound in the bone


    FOOD SOURCES

    • Meats

    • Poultry

    • Milk products ( Milk, Cheese,Yoghurt,

    • Eggs

    • Fish

    • Shrimp

    • Soft drinks

    • Soybeans

    • nuts etc
    FUNCTION

    • Fundamental to the growth, maintenance, and repair of all body


    tissues.

    Necessary for protein synthesis.

    • Critical for energy transfer and production.

    • Plays a role in the phosphorylation of monosaccharides for energy


    • Necessary for oxidation of carbohydrates, protein and fats

    • leading to the formation of ATP.

    • It is a structural component of all cells.

    • It is part of the nucleic acids


    Deficiency Symptoms

    • Decreased appetite • Numbness

    • Nervous system deterioration • Faint/rapid pulse

    • Demineralization of bones and • Shooting pains Low fevers

    • Colic
    • Continuous diarrhea
    • Depression
    • Constipation
    • Sore breasts
    • Cold hands and feet
    • Night sweat
    Iron
    • It occurs in human body as either ferrous ( Fe2+) and Ferric (Fe3+)
    forms

    • Adult has about 2-5gm of iron distributed throughout his/her body


    depending on gender, diet, size and menstrual status.
    • Mostly present in the erythrocytes as hemoglobin
    Essential for tissue oxygenation & enzymes activity

    • Iron in the diet: 4 forms of dietary iron

    – Haem iron

    – Non-haem iron

    – Breast milk

    – Contamination iron
    Dietary Iron

    Two types of iron

    • Heme iron (in animal sources)

    • Non-heme iron, present as iron salts ( in plant sources)


    functions

    • Prevents and treats iron-deficiency anemia

    • Stimulates bone marrow production of hemoglobin

    • Forms part of several enzymes and proteins in the body

    • Replace iron lost during menstruation

    • Is an essential component of hemoglobin and myoglobin


    • Co-factor of several essential enzymes.

    • Of the total iron in the body, 60 to 70% is stored in hemoglobin (the


    red part of red blood cells).

    • The heme compound in myoglobin is an iron-protein complex in


    muscles.
    Physiological demands for iron

    Fe is essential to periods of growth, such as

    • infancy,

    • adolescence,

    • pregnancy, & lactation

    Fe demand vary with

    • Age, sex, reproductive status


    Iron Deficiency

    • Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency in the


    world

    • Typically affects pregnant, lactating women and children


    Symptoms of Iron Deficiency

    • Pallor, lethargy

    • Behavioral disturbances, impaired performance on some cognitive


    tasks, short attention span

    • Decreased work capacity

    • Impaired immune system, etc.


    At Risk Groups

    • Infants & young children – low iron in milk, rapid growth & low
    stores

    • Adolescents in growth spurt

    • Females during childbearing years

    • Pregnant women – expanding blood volume, demands of fetus &


    placenta, blood losses
    Consequences of Iron Deficiency and Anemia

    • Decreased work capacity

    • Prematurity and LBW

    • Perinatal mortality

    • Maternal mortality

    • Child mortality

    • Impaired neuro-cognitive function in children


    Iodine

    Required to produce thyroid hormones that control:

    – Cell metabolism,

    – Neuromuscular tissue growth and Development, especially the fetal


    perinatal brain

    • Present in minute amounts (15-20 mg) in the body

    • >90% of iodine stored in the thyroid


    Functions

    • Promotes normal function of thyroid gland

    • Promotes normal cell function

    • Keeps skin, hair, nails healthy

    • Protects thyroid gland after accidental exposure to radiation. Protects


    against breast cancer

    • Prevents goiter
    DEFICIENCY

    • Depressed growth
    • Goiter
    • Delayed sexual development
    • Deaf-mutism
    • Mental retardation
    • Congenital defects
    • Deafness
    • Mental retardation
    • Lethargy
    • Dwarfism
    • Sluggish behavior
    • Psychomotor defects

    • Cretinism
    Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD)

    • Goiter

    • Hypothyroidism

    • Impaired mental and physical development


    Iodine Interventions

    1. Universal Iodization of Salt

    2. Iodization of other “Vehicles”

    3. Iodized Oil Supplementation


    Selenium

    • Works with Vit. E to enhance immunity and create enzymes

    • As an antioxidant, selenium has emerged as a critical nutrient for the


    prevention of many diseases and is essential for people of all ages

    • Selenium has been shown to be protective against oesophageal,


    stomach, colon, and rectal cancers
    FOOD SOURCES

    • Liver • Orange juice

    • Milk • Seafood
    • Mushrooms
    • Tuna
    • Oats
    • Wheat germ
    • Onions
    • Cabbage
    • Barley

    • Brazil nuts • Chicken

    • Brown rice • Whole-grain


    Fluoride
    • One of the best sources of • Calves' liver

    fluoride is fluoridated water. • Cod

    • Food Sources • Eggs

    • Apples • Salmon, canned

    • Kidneys • Sardines, canned

    • Tea
    Functions

    • Prevents dental caries (cavities) in children when level of fluoride in


    water is inadequate.

    • Treats osteoporosis with calcium and vitamin D

    • Improves tooth resistance to acids.


    Deficiency

    • Interferes with growth and development of bacteria that cause dental


    plaque.

    • If fluoride supplementation is needed in your area, continue until child


    is 16.

    • Subsequent topical applications every year or two may be continued to


    prevent caries.
    Copper

    • Copper absorbed through the skin gets into the circulatory system very
    efficiently.

    • The "patients" were getting an average of 13 milligrams of copper a


    month through the skin, or roughly the recommended daily intake of
    copper
    Functions
    • Promotes normal red blood cell formation

    • Acts as a catalyst in storage and release of iron to form hemoglobin for


    red blood cells.

    • Assists in production of several enzymes involved in respiration.

    • Promotes connective tissue formation and central nervous system


    function.
    Deficiency

    • Anaemia

    • Low white blood cell count associated with reduced resistance to


    infection

    • Faulty collagen formation

    • Bone demineralization

    • Increased LDL cholesterol and decreased HDL cholesterol

    • Brain impairment
    THANK YOU!

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