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    Mineras Lectures 3 Part 3

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    Mineras Lectures 3 Part 3

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    Mineras Lectures 3 Part 3

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    of 22

    MINERALS (2)

    IODINE

    PROF. NASHWA NABIL


    • Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones thyroxin (T4) and tri-iodothyronine
    (T3). These hormones are required for normal growth and development of tissues, such as the central
    nervous system, and have a broader role in maturation of the body as a whole. They are important for
    energy production and oxygen consumption in cells, thereby helping to maintain the body’s metabolic
    rate
    • The body contains 50 mg, 30% of it in the thyroid gland.
    • Function: T3 and T4 formation

    • Large populations are at risk of Iodine deficiency because they


    live in Iodine-deficient areas. The soil is deficient of Iodine due to
    high rainfall or floods as in mountainous areas. All foods grown
    in such soil is low in Iodine and iodine supplement should be
    given.
    SOURCES:

    • A- Vegetables and fruits


    • B- Seafood (fish).
    • C- Milk.
    • Daily requirement: 100 mcg/day.
    • Increase intake by mouth causes irritation and rash.
    • Goitrogenic substances in food (the intake should be increased
    to 200-300ug/day) are:
    • A – Onion B - Cabbage C – Cauliflower D - Soya
    beans.
    DEFICIENCY:

    • Iodine deficiency leads to a wide range of problems collectively known as ‘iodine deficiency
    disorders’ (IDD). Internationally, IDD is a common health problem. According to the WHO, in 2007
    nearly 2 billion individuals had insufficient iodine intake. The nature and severity of IDD can vary
    widely, and depend on the severity and duration of the iodine deficiency and the life stage of the
    population affected.
    • 1- Simple or endemic goiter in adults
    • 2- Cretinism in children: either acquired or congenital.
    • Causes of deficiency:
    • 1- Decrease intake of iodine
    • 2- Goitrogenic substance in food as cabbage, cauliflower, onion, turnip, grape and soya
    beans.
    • Correction of iodine deficiency:
    • Iodized salt was first successfully used in Switzerland in 1920s. The iodized salt loss its
    iodine by heating or exposure to the air. It should be added after cooking and should be
    kept covered all the time.
    Iron

    Iron, one of the most abundant metal on earth, is found in


    every living cell
    The body contains 3-4 gm., 75% of it in the blood.
    Functions: Formation of hemoglobin, myoglobin, certain enzymes.
    Sources:
    - Animal: liver, meat, fish, eggs.
    - Plant: cereals, pulses, and vegetables, fruits
    - Molasses
    - Milk is low in iron
    • Absorption of iron: mainly absorbed from duodenum.
    • Factors affecting absorption:
    • 1- Increase demand as in case of hemorrhage, pregnancy, and growth.
    • 2- Vitamin C and meat increase the absorption.
    • 3- Phytic acid (in cereals) decrease the absorption
    • 4- Fibers and tannin (in tea) decrease the absorption
    • 5- Increase calcium in diet decreases iron absorption
    • 6- Achlorohydria or antacid intake decrease absorption
    12

    FACTORS AFFECTING IRON


    ABSORPTION…
    • Increases Absorption Decreases absorption
    – Gastric acid, Low pH – Phytic acid (dietary fiber)
    – Heme form of iron – Oxalic acid (leafy veg)
    – High body demand – Polyphenol (tea, coffee)
    – Low body stores – Full body stores of iron
    – Meat Protein Factor – Excess of Zn, Mn, Ca
    – Vitamin C – Reduced gastric acid
    output
    – Some antacids
    • Iron losses:
    1. Menstruation (loss 30mg per menses)
    2. Piles
    3. Malaria
    4. Any hemorrhage
    • Deficiency: Cause hypochromic microcytic anemia.
    • Requirements: Male: 9 mg/Day Female: 27 mg/Day
    IRON DEFICIENCY… 15

    • WHO considers iron deficiency to be the number


    one nutritional disorder in the world
    • Eighty per cent of the world population may be
    iron deficient, while 30% may have Iron Deficiency
    Anaemia (IDA)-- also known as hypochromic
    microcytic anaemia
    • IDA can be detected by measuring hematocrit –
    the % of blood volume occupied by RBC (normal:
    <34-37%) and the Hemoglobin in blood (<10-11%)
    DEFICIENCY…IDA 16

    • IDA Associated with


    – Low dietary intake
    – Inadequate absorption
    – Excess blood loss
    – Vitamin A deficiency (helps mobilize Fe from the
    storage site), especially common in the developing
    countries
    – Chronic malabsorptions such as inflammatory
    bowel diseases
    17

    DEFICIENCY…
    • Who are at risk for developing IDA?
    – Women of childbearing age
    – Pregnant women
    – Low birth weight infants
    – Older infants and toddlers
    – Teenage girls
    – Individuals with kidney failure (on Dialysis)
    because failing kidneys cannot produce enough
    erythropoietin to make RBC in the blood
    – Intestinal worm infestation (hook worm etc.)
    18

    DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS…
    • Symptoms of IDA
    – Lack of energy or tiredness
    – Extreme fatigue and feeling of weakness
    – Pale skin
    – Light headedness, headache
    – Pale skin on the lining of the eyes, the inner mouth and
    the nails
    – Rapid and forceful heartbeat
    – Low blood pressure with position change from sitting to
    standing up

    • YYY
    19

    DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS…
    • Symptoms of IDA
    – Fingernails that become thin, brittle and white may grow
    abnormally with a spoon-shaped appearance
    – Tongue may become sore, smooth and reddened
    – Decrease in appetite
    – Shortness of breath during exercise
    – Decreased immune function and increased vulnerability to
    infection
    – A strong desire to eat nonfoods such as ice, paint or dirt (a
    condition called Pica)
    – Disturbed sleep and abdominal pain
    21

    DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS…

    • YYY
    22

    DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS…
    CONCLUSIONS 26

    • Iron -- an important trace mineral


    – is needed by everybody throughout the life cycles
    – Is absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum
    – is part of hemoglobin and myoglobin that carry oxygen
    throughout the body.
    – carries many other important physiological functions
    – is stored in liver, spleen and other tissues and it is an
    essential part of many of body's proteins and enzymes.
    – deficiency of which causes Iron Deficiency Anaemia ─
    one of the most common nutritional disorders around the
    globe.

    • YYY
    FLUORINE

    • Fluoride is known mostly as the mineral that combats tooth decay. It


    assists in tooth and bone development and maintenance. Fluoride combats
    tooth decay via three mechanisms:
    • 1. Blocking acid formation by bacteria
    • 2. Preventing demineralization of teeth
    • 3. Enhancing remineralization of destroyed enamel
    • Sources: 1- Water. 2- Sea fish 3- Cheese 4- Tea
    • Daily requirement: 1 P.P.M
    • Deficiency: Cause dental caries.
    • Excessive intake:
    • 1- (3-10 P.P.M) cause dental flourosis: teeth lose its shiny appearance then
    become mottled and pitting.
    1. (> 10 P.P.M) affect bones, tendons and cause pain, stiffness of the back.

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