Heart
Heart
Heart
• Arteries:
– carry blood away from heart
• Veins:
– carry blood to heart
• Capillaries:
– networks between arteries and veins
Capillaries
• Left atrium:
– collects blood from pulmonary circuit
• Left ventricle:
– pumps blood to systemic circuit
Anatomy of the Heart
Y
PLA Figure 20–2a
Anatomy of the Heart
• Great veins and arteries at the base
• Pointed tip is apex
Figure 20–2c
Relation to Thoracic Cavity
Surrounded
by
pericardial
sac
Between 2
pleural
cavities
In the
mediastinum
Figure 20–2b
The Pericardium
Figure 20–2c
2 Layers of Pericardium
1. Parietal pericardium:
– outer layer
– forms inner layer of pericardial sac
2. Visceral pericardium:
– inner layer of pericardium
Structures of Pericardium
• Pericardial cavity:
– Is between parietal and visceral layers
– contains pericardial fluid
• Pericardial sac:
– fibrous tissue
– surrounds and stabilizes heart
Pericarditis
An infection of the pericardium
Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
• 4 cardiac chambers
• Atria - Thin-walled
• Expandable outer auricle
• Coronary sulcus:
– divides atria and ventricles
• Anterior and posterior
interventricular sulci:
– separate left and right
ventricles
– contain blood vessels of
cardiac muscle
Figure 20–3
The Heart Wall
Figure 20–4
3 Layers of the Heart Wall
• Epicardium:- outer layer
• Visceral pericardium , Covers the heart
Intercalated discs:
interconnect
cardiac muscle cells
secured by
desmosomes
linked by gap
junctions
convey force of
contraction
propagate action
potentials
Figure 20–5
Characteristics of
Cardiac Muscle Cells
1. Small size
2. Single, central nucleus
3. Branching interconnections between
cells
4. Intercalated discs
Cardiac Cells vs. Skeletal Fibers
Table 20-1
What is the path of blood flow
through the heart, and what
are the major blood vessels,
chambers, and heart valves?
Internal Anatomy
Figure 20–9
Coronary Circulation
• Coronary arteries-Left and right
Originate at aortic sinuses
• High blood pressure, elastic rebound force
blood through coronary arteries between
contractions
• cardiac veins
• Supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart
Right Coronary Artery
Figure 20–11
2 Types of Cardiac Muscle Cells
• Conducting system:
– controls and coordinates heartbeat
• Contractile cells:
– produce contractions
* The Cardiac Cycle begins with action potential
at SA node
– transmitted through conducting system
– produces action potentials in cardiac muscle cells
(contractile cells)
• Electrical events in the cardiac cycle can be
recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG)
The Conducting System
Figure 20–12
The Conducting System
Figure 20–13
The Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Figure 20–14b
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
• A recording of electrical events in the
heart
• Obtained by electrodes at specific body
locations
• Abnormal patterns diagnose damage
Features of an ECG :
• P wave: atria depolarize
• QRS complex: ventricles depolarize
• T wave: ventricles repolarize
Time Intervals
• P–R interval:
– from start of atrial depolarization
– to start of QRS complex
• Q–T interval:
– from ventricular depolarization
– to ventricular repolarization
Cardiac Arrhythmias –
Abnormal patterns of cardiac electrical
activity
KEY CONCEPT
• Heart rate is normally established by cells of SA
node
• Rate can be modified by autonomic activity,
hormones, and other factors
• From the SA node, stimulus is conducted to AV
node, AV bundle, bundle branches, and
Purkinje fibers before reaching ventricular
muscle cells
• Electrical events associated with the heartbeat
can be monitored in an electrocardiogram
(ECG)
What events take
place during an action
potential in cardiac muscle?
Action Potentials in
Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle
Figure 20–15
Resting Potential
• Of a ventricular cell:
– about —90 mV
• Of an atrial cell:
– about —80 mV
3 Steps of
Cardiac Action Potential
1. Rapid depolarization:
– voltage-regulated sodium channels (fast
channels) open
3 Steps of
Cardiac Action Potential
2. As sodium channels close:
– voltage-regulated calcium channels (slow
channels) open
– balance Na+ ions pumped out
– hold membrane at 0 mV plateau
3 Steps of
Cardiac Action Potential
3. Repolarization:
– plateau continues
– slow calcium channels close
– slow potassium channels open
– rapid repolarization restores resting
potential
The Refractory Periods
• In any chamber:
– rises during systole
– falls during diastole
• Blood flows from high to low pressure:
– controlled by timing of contractions
– directed by one-way valves
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Figure 20–16
4 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
1. Atrial systole
2. Atrial diastole
3. Ventricular systole
4. Ventricular diastole
Cardiac Cycle and Heart Rate
Figure 20–17
8 Steps in the Cardiac Cycle
1. Atrial systole:
– atrial contraction begins
– right and left AV valves are open
2. Atria eject blood into ventricles:
– filling ventricles
3. Atrial systole ends:
– AV valves close
– ventricles contain maximum volume
– end-diastolic volume (EDV)
4. Ventricular systole:
– isovolemic ventricular contraction
– pressure in ventricles rises
– AV valves shut
8 Steps in the Cardiac Cycle
5. Ventricular ejection:
– semilunar valves open
– blood flows into pulmonary and aortic trunks
• Stroke volume (SV) = 60% of end-diastolic
volume
6. Ventricular pressure falls:
– semilunar valves close
– ventricles contain end-systolic volume (ESV),
about 40% of end-diastolic volume
8 Steps in the Cardiac Cycle
7. Ventricular diastole:
– ventricular pressure is higher than atrial
pressure
– all heart valves are closed
– ventricles relax (isovolumetric relaxation)
8. Atrial pressure is higher than ventricular
pressure:
– AV valves open
– passive atrial filling
– passive ventricular filling
– cardiac cycle ends
Heart Failure
Heart Sounds
Figure 20–18b
4 Heart Sounds
• S1:
– loud sounds
– produced by AV valves
• S2:
– loud sounds
– produced by semilunar valves
• S3, S4:
– soft sounds
– blood flow into ventricles and atrial contraction
Positioning the Stethoscope
• To detect sounds
of each valve
• Heart Murmur-
• Sounds produced
by regurgitation
through valves
Figure 20–18a
Aerobic Energy of Heart
Figure 20–19
Cardiac Output
Figure 20–22
Autonomic Pacemaker
Regulation
• Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation:
– greatest at SA node (heart rate)
• Membrane potential of pacemaker cells:lower
than other cardiac cells
• Rate of spontaneous depolarization depends on:
– resting membrane potential
– rate of depolarization
• ACh (parasympathetic stimulation):
– slows the heart
• NE (sympathetic stimulation):
– speeds the heart
Atrial Reflex