Crizzel Ruth Padernal Castor GWAPA
Crizzel Ruth Padernal Castor GWAPA
Crizzel Ruth Padernal Castor GWAPA
MICROORGANISMS
CELL
fundamental unit of any living organism
because, like the total organism the cell
exhibits the basic characteristics of life.
Procaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller than eucaryotic cells. A typical
Escherichia coli cell is about 1 μm wide and 2 to 3 μm long. Structurally,
procaryotes are very simple cells when compared with eucaryotic cells,
and yet they are able to perform the necessary processes of life.
Procaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller than eucaryotic cells. A typical
Escherichia coli cell is about 1 μm wide and 2 to 3 μm long. Structurally,
procaryotes are very simple cells when compared with eucaryotic cells,
and yet they are able to perform the necessary processes of life.
Lophotrichous
Bacteriabacteria
with a tuft of
molecules called pilin. Pili are much thinner than flagella, have
a rigid structure, and are not associated with
• Asexual reproduction
refers to the type of
reproduction in which only
a single organism gives rise
to a new individual.
Sexual Reproduction
Nomenclature
-is the assignment of names to the various taxa according to international rules
Identification
-the process of determining whether an isolate belongs to one of the established,
named taxa or represents a previously unidentified species.
an organism’s complete collection of genes
GENOTYPE
or an organism’s genetic makeup
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
• discovered by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century
• is a system of naming species in which each species is given a two-part scientific
name consisting of its genus and species. For example, the microbial species
Escherichia coli, commonly known as E. coli, follows this naming convention,
where "Escherichia" is the genus and "coli" is the specific epithet.
5 KINGDOM SYSTEM
FUNGI FUNGI
PLANTAE PLANTS
ANIMALIA ANIMALS
3 DOMAIN SYSTEM
• Carl R. Woese
- a molecular biologist at University of
Illinois together with his colleagues.
- developed a system classifying organisms
based on nucleotide sequences in bases of
their ribosomal RNA molecules. (1970s)
- demonstrated the two division of
prokaryotic organisms (referred as domains)
- Introduced his Three-Domain System of
Classification favoured mostly by
microbiologists.
• rRNA sequencing is the most widely used technique for gauging diversity or
relatedness of an organism to another organisms.
• Ribosomes are made up of 2 subunits:
- Small subunit – decodes genetic messages
- contains only one RNA molecule called small subunit
rRNA (SSUrRNA). In procaryotic ribosomes it is 16S rRNA containing 1500
DNA nucleotides and 18S for eucaryotes containing about 2000.
- Large subunit – mainly involved in peptide bond formation of growing
amino acid.
• Relatedness among organisms is determined by
analysis of genes that code for small subunit
ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA)
• As researchers conform, it is through comparison
of nucleotide base pairs in gene rather than the
actual SSUrRNA molecules.
• Used to identify pathogens in
Additional Application
clinical microbiology laboratory
of rRNA:
• Non-cultured or hard-to-identify
bacteria identification
• Analyse differentiation among
organisms despite of relatedness
Workflow (Process)
• The sample taken or being studied from the organisms typically
include the 16S rRNA (for bacteria) or Internal Transcribed
Spacer gene(for fungi) and others.
• Library construction is the process of sample transcription
ensuring rRNA molecules to be represented accurately and
efficiently sequenced. Once the completion of construction to be
done, it can be sequenced using sequencing technologies.
rRNA Sequencing Process and
Interpretation: 16S ribosomal
DNA