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    Liquids and Solids

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    Kurt Jan Plopenio
    Liquids and solids are condensed states where molecules are close together and held by intermolecular forces. In liquids, molecules move freely and slide past one another, while in solids molecules vibrate around fixed positions in organized crystalline structures or amorphous patterns. The strength of intermolecular forces determines a substance's state and phase changes require energy to overcome these attractive forces between molecules.

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    Liquids and Solids

    Uploaded by

    Kurt Jan Plopenio
    11 views14 pages
    Liquids and solids are condensed states where molecules are close together and held by intermolecular forces. In liquids, molecules move freely and slide past one another, while in solids molecules vibrate around fixed positions in organized crystalline structures or amorphous patterns. The strength of intermolecular forces determines a substance's state and phase changes require energy to overcome these attractive forces between molecules.

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    Liquids and solids are condensed states where molecules are close together and held by intermolecular forces. In liquids, molecules move freely and slide past one another, while in solids molecules vibrate around fixed positions in organized crystalline structures or amorphous patterns. The strength of intermolecular forces determines a substance's state and phase changes require energy to overcome these attractive forces between molecules.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    11 views14 pages

    Liquids and Solids

    Uploaded by

    Kurt Jan Plopenio
    Liquids and solids are condensed states where molecules are close together and held by intermolecular forces. In liquids, molecules move freely and slide past one another, while in solids molecules vibrate around fixed positions in organized crystalline structures or amorphous patterns. The strength of intermolecular forces determines a substance's state and phase changes require energy to overcome these attractive forces between molecules.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    STATES OF

    MATTER
    Gases, Liquids and Solids
    Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and
    Solids
    ■ Liquids and solids are condensed states.
    ■ Liquids
    – Have definite volume and assume the shape of
    its container
    – Much denser than gases
    – Are more difficult to compress than gases
    – Molecules
    ■ are close together
    ■ little of empty space between molecules
    ■ are held together by attractive
    intermolecular forces
    ■ are in constant motion
    ■ Move/slide one past another freely so
    liquid can flow
    ■ collision rate is higher than in gases
    Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids
    and Solids
    ■ Solids
    – Almost uncompressible
    – Definite shape and volume
    – Most solids are denser than liquids
    – Particles
    ■ are more closely packed than in liquids
    ■ are arranged in highly organized order
    ■ Are always in constant motion
    ■ vibrate around fixed locations
    ■ Held together by strong intermolecular
    forces.
    Structure of Solids
    ■ Most of solids are crystalline.
    ■ Particles are arranged in an
    orderly, repeating, three-
    dimensional pattern.
    ■ The shape of the crystal
    depends on the arrangement of
    the particles within it.
    ■ The smallest group of particles
    within the crystal that retains
    the geometric shape of the
    crystal is called a unit cell.
    ■ A crystal lattice is a repeating
    pattern of unit cells.
    Amorphous solids
    ■ Amorphous means without any defined form or
    structure.
    ■ Amorphous solids: Glass, plastic,
    Allotropes (more then one form
    depending on structure) of Carbon
    Diamond Graphite
    Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
    ■ Are attractive forces between molecules
    ■ Are much stronger in liquids and solids than in gases.
    ■ The more polar molecules are the stronger
    intermolecular forces are.
    ■ Strength of intermolecular forces determines the state
    of matter.
    ■ Energy is required to break IMF and change states of
    matter.
    ■ Melting and boiling points of any substance depend on
    strength of IMF in the substance.
    Strength of Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
    ■ Metallic bond (in metals)
    ■ Ionic bond (in ionic compounds)
    ■ Hydrogen bond (in water and
    some other compounds) Strength
    ■ Van der Waals forces (dipole-dipole, dispersion)
    – Interaction between partial charges in polar covalent
    molecules
    – The more polar molecules are the stronger
    intermolecular forces are.
    Metallic Solids/Metallic Bond
    ■ Metallic solids are
    composed of metal atoms
    that are held together by
    metallic bonds.
    ■ The electrons in metallic
    solids are delocalized.
    ■ It means that valence
    electrons move freely
    between metallic cations.
    ■ A good picture of a metal
    solid is that of cation in a
    sea of electrons.
    Phase Changes

    Strength of the Intermolecular Forces


    Phase Changes (state of matter changes)
    Phase Changes
    ■ Vaporization is the process in which liquid is transformed into a
    gas.
    ■ Condensation is the process by which a gas or a vapor becomes
    a liquid
    ■ Melting (fusion) is the process of solid becoming a liquid.
    ■ Freezing (solidification) is the process when a liquid becomes a
    solid.
    ■ Sublimation is the change of substance from a solid to a vapor
    without passing through the liquid state.
    ■ Deposition is the process by which a gas or a vapor turns
    straight into a solid.

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