OSI Model

OSI Reference Model

OSI Model

OSI Model
• The OSI model is a layered framework for the design
of network systems that allows communication
between all types of computer systems.
• It consists of seven separate but related layers.
• Each layer defines a part of the process of moving
information across a network.
• An OSI model provides a solid basis for
understanding data communications.
 ISO –OSI Open Systems
Interconnection Model
OSI describes how information flow from application
programmes -> through a network medium (such as
wire)-> to another application located on another
network.
moving information between computers SEVEN
smaller layering.
helps to develop standards so that all of our hardware
and software talks nicely to each other.
compatible with current and future technologies.
OSI Model

7 Layers of OSI Model

What is Layered
Architecture?
1. LA reduce the design complexity, most of the networks
are organized as a series of layers or levels, each one build
upon one below it.
It divide the design into small pieces.
Each layer adds to the services provided by the lower
layers =>highest layer is provided a full set of services to
manage communications and run the applications. For
example, Layer 3 uses the services provided by layer 2 and
provides services for layer 4.
benefits: modularity and clear interfaces, i.e. open
architecture and comparability between the different
provider’s components.
OSI Model

Layered Architecture
• The layers involved when a message is sent from
device A to device B.
• As the message travels from A to B, it may pass
through many intermediate nodes.
• These intermediate nodes usually involve only the
first three layers of the OSI model.
• Each layer performs unique and specific task and
it offers services to the layer above it.
• For example, Layer 3 uses the services provided
by layer 2 and provides services for layer 4.
OSI Model
Layered Architecture
OSI Model

• Between machines, layer x on one machine

communicates with layer x on another machine.
• This communication is governed by an agreed-upon
series of rules and conventions called protocols.
OSI Model

REASONS Layered Architecture

1. functions well defined
2. flexibility to modify
3. lower layer offers certain services to its upper
layer.
4. considerable cost savings and managerial
benefits.
5. Addition of new services become easy.
6. break complex problems into smaller
7. helps development
OSI Model

Peer-to-Peer processes
• The processes on each machine that communicate at
a given layer are called peer-to-peer processes.

• At the physical layer, communication is direct:

Device A sends a stream of bits to device B
(through intermediate nodes).

• At higher layers each layer in the sending machines

adds its own information to the message it
receives from the layer just above it and passes
the whole package to the layer just below it.
OSI Model

Peer-to-Peer processes
• The information added by each layer is in the form of
headers or trailers.
• At layer 1 the entire package is converted to a form
that can be transferred to the receiving machine.
• At the receiving machine, the message is
unwrapped layer by layer, with each process
receiving and removing the data meant for it.
• For example, layer 2 removes the data meant for it,
then passes the rest to layer 3.
• Layer 3 then removes the data meant for it and
passes the rest to layer 4, and so on.
OSI Model

Interfaces Between Layers

• An interface defines the operations and services
offered by lower layer to the upper layer.

• This is an interface between each pair of adjacent

layers.

• The passing of the data and network information

down through the layers of the sending device and
receiving device is made possible by an interface
between each pair of adjacent layers.
OSI Model

Data Encapsulation
• The outgoing information will travel down through
the top layers to the lowest layer.
• While moving down on the source machine, it acquires
all the control information which is required to
reach the destination machine.
• The control information is in the form of Headers and
Trailer which surrounds the data received from the
layer above.
•

• This process of adding headers and trailers to the data

is called as data encapsulation.
OSI Model

Data Encapsulation
• The headers and trailers contain control information.
• The headers and trailers form the envelope which carries the
message to the desired destination.
The protocols operating at the various layers work together to supply a
unified quality of service. Each protocol layer provides a service to the
layers directly above and below it. The process of adding the headers
and trailers to the data is called as data encapsulation.
OSI Model

Data Encapsulation
• D7 means the data unit at layer 7, D6 means the data
unit at layer 6, and so on.
• The process starts at layer 7 (the application layer),
then moves from layer to layer in descending,
sequential order.
• At each layer, a header, or possibly a trailer, can be
added to the data unit.
• Commonly, the trailer is added only at layer 2.
• When the formatted data unit passes through the
physical layer (layer 1), it is changed into an
electromagnetic signal and transported along a
physical link.
OSI Model

Encapsulation example: E-mail

Draw OSI reference model.
Explain working
 It provides way to understand how internet work operates.
 It gives guideline for creating network standard.
 OSI model has following 7 layers as
 1 Physical layer,
 2 data link layer,
 3 Network layer,
 4 Transport layer,
 5 Session layer,
 6 Presentation layer,
 7 Application layer.
OSI Model

1.Physical Layer
• It co-ordinates the functions required to transmit bit
stream over physical medium.
• Provides physical interface for transmission of
information.
• Defines rules by which bits are passed from one
system to another on a physical communication
medium.
• Covers all - mechanical, electrical, functional and
procedural - aspects for physical communication.
OSI Model

1.Physical Layer

The physical layer is responsible

for the movement of individual bits from
one hop (node) to the next.
OSI Model

Functions
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium.
• It also defines the type of transmission medium.
• Representation of bits.
• sequence of 0s or 1s
• Data rate.
• Synchronization of bits.
• Sender and Receiver must be synchronized
• Physical topology
• Mesh, Ring, Star, etc.
• Transmission mode.
• Simplex, Half duplex, Duplex
OSI Model

1.Physical Layer
• What are the Physical Layer components on my
computer?
• NIC
• Network Interface Card
• Has a unique 12 character Hexadecimal number
permanently burned into it at the manufacturer.
• The number is the MAC Address/Physical address of a
computer
• Cabling
• Twister Pair
• Fiber Optic
• Coax Cable
OSI Model

2.Data Link Layer

• Data link layer attempts to provide reliable
communication over the physical layer interface.
•

• Breaks the outgoing data into frames and re-

assemble the received frames.
• Create and detect frame boundaries.

• Handle errors by implementing an

acknowledgement and retransmission scheme.
• Implement flow control.
OSI Model

2.Data Link Layer

The data link layer is responsible for

moving frames from one hop (node) to the
next.
OSI Model

Data Link Layer Functions

• Framing-
• divides the stream of bits into manageable data units called frames.

• Physical addressing-
• adds a header to the frame to define the sender and/or receiver of the
frame.

• Flow control-
• imposes a flow control mechanism to avoid overwhelming the receiver.

• Error control-
• adds mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames.

• Access control-
• determine which device has control over the link at any given time.
OSI Model

Data Link Layer Functions

• Link establishment and termination:
• establishes and terminates the logical link between two nodes.

• Frame sequencing:
• transmits/receives frames sequentially.

• Frame acknowledgment:
• provides/expects frame acknowledgments.
OSI Model

Data Link Layer –Sub Layers

• DLL is divided into two Sub-Layers
• LLC Sub Layer
• MAC Sub Layer
OSI Model

Logical Link Control Sub Layer

• It is upper portion of the Data Link layer.
• Performs Flow control and management of connection errors.
• LLC supports three types of connections:
1. Unacknowledged connectionless service:
• does not perform reliability checks or maintain a connection, very fast,
most commonly used
2. Connection oriented service:
• once the connection is established, blocks of data can be transferred
between nodes until one of the node terminates the connection.
3. Acknowledged connectionless service:
• provides a mechanism through which individual frames can be
acknowledged.
OSI Model

Media Access Control Sub Layer

• This sub layer contains methods to regulate the
timing of data signals and eliminate collisions.
• The MAC sub layer determines where one frame of
data ends and the next one starts - frame
synchronization.
• There are four means of frame synchronization:
1. Time based,
2. Character counting,
3. Byte stuffing and
4. Bit stuffing.
OSI Model

3.Network Layer
• It is responsible for source to destination delivery of
individual packets across multiple networks.

• Defines the most optimum path the packet should

take from the source to the destination

• Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can

be identified.
OSI Model

3.Network Layer
• Handles congestion in the network.

• Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous

networks (Internetworking).

• The network layer also defines how to fragment a

packet into smaller packets to accommodate different
media.
OSI Model

3.Network Layer

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from the
source host to the destination host.
OSI Model

Functions of Network Layer

1. Logical addressing
2. Routing.
3. Congestion control
4. Accounting and billing
5. Address transformation
6. Source host to destination host error free
delivery of packet.
OSI Model

4.Transport Layer
• Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable
mechanism for the exchange of data between two
processes in different computers.
•

• Ensures that the data units are delivered error free.

• Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence.
• Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data
units.
• Provides connectionless or connection oriented
service.
OSI Model

4.Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for the

delivery of a message from one process to
another.
OSI Model

Functions Transport Layer

1. Service point addressing

2. Segmentation and reassembly
3. Connection control
4. Flow control: Flow control is performed
end to end
5. Error control
OSI Model

5. Session Layer
• Session layer provides mechanism for controlling
the dialogue between the two end systems.
• It defines how to start, control and end
conversations (called sessions) between applications.
• This layer requests for a logical connection to be
established on an end-user’s request.
• Any necessary log-on or password validation is
also handled by this layer.
OSI Model

Functions of Session Layer

1. Dialog control
2. Synchronization, session and sub
session
3. Session closure
OSI Model

6. Presentation Layer
• Presentation layer defines the format in which the
data is to be exchanged between the two
communicating entities.
• Also handles data compression and data encryption
(cryptography).
OSI Model

6. Presentation Layer
• Functions of Presentation layer:
• Translation: presentation layer is responsible for
converting various formats into required format of the
recipient.

• Encryption: Data encryption and decryption is done

by presentation layer for security.

• Compression and Decompression: data to be

transform compressed while sending and decompress
while receiving for reducing time of transmission.
OSI Model

7. Application Layer
• Application layer interacts with application
programs and is the highest level of OSI model.
• Application layer contains management functions to
support distributed applications.
• Examples of application layer are applications such
as
• file transfer,
• electronic mail,
• remote login etc.
OSI Model

7. Application Layer
• Functions of Application layer:
1. Network virtual terminal
2. File transfer access and management
3. Mail services and directory services
OSI Model

Horizontal Communication
• The horizontal communication is the Logical
connection between the layers.
• There is no direct communication between them.
• Information included in each protocol header by the
transmitting system is a message that will be carried
to the same protocol in the destination system.
• For two computers to communicate over a n/w, the
protocol used at each layer of the OSI model in the
transmitting system must be duplicated at the
receiving system.
OSI Model

Horizontal Communication
• When the packet
reaches at its
destination, the process
by which the headers
are applied at the source
is reversed in receiver to
get information.
OSI Model

Vertical Communication
• The header information also enables each layer to
communicate with the layer above & below it.
Eg. The n/w layer will communicate with the data link
layer & transport layer.
• This interlayer communication is called vertical
communication.
• When a system receives a packet & passes it up
through various layers the data link layer protocol
header includes a field which specifies the name of
n/w layer protocol to be used to process the packet.
OSI Model

Vertical Communication
• The n/w layer protocol
header will specify the name
of transport layer protocol
to be used to process the
packet.
OSI Model

Protocols
Protocols - Layer 7 HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP, DNS, Telnet
Protocols - Layer 6 Graphics: TIFF, JPEG, GIF Text: ASCII, EBCDIC,
Unicode, Encrypted Audio: Midi, MPEG, WAV, MP3
Video: Quicktime, AVI
Protocols - Layer 5 NFS - Network File System, RPC - Remote Procedure
Call, ASP - Appletalk Session Protocol

Protocols - Layer 4 Connection Oriented (TCP), Connectionless (UDP)

Protocols - Layer 3 Routing (IP)
Protocols - Layer 2 MAC - Media Access Control, LLC - Logical Link
Control
Protocols - Layer 1 Organizations: IEE, TIA/ETA, ANSI, etc.
Cable (ie. RJ45)
OSI Model

Devices

Devices - Layer 7 Hosts, PC, Servers, Mobile Phones

Devices - Layer 3 Routers
Devices - Layer 2 Bridges, Switches, NIC (Layers 1 & 2)
Devices - Layer 1 Hubs, NIC (Layers 1 & 2)
Media: Coax, Fiber, Twisted Pair, Wireless
OSI Model

Summery
 Remembering the 7 Layers
7 - Application All Away
6 - Presentation People Pizza
5 - Session Seem Sausage
4 - Transport To Throw
3 - Network Need Not
2 - Data Link Data Do
1 - Physical Processing Please