Chapter 4 Integrals
Chapter 4 Integrals
Chapter 4 Integrals
INTEGRALS
Contents
4.1
Areas and Distances
xi* in the i th
subinterval [xi - 1, xi]
(the sample points)
n The sum
f ( x *)x f ( x *)x f ( x *)x ... f ( x *)x
i 1
i 1 2 n
Answer:
INTEGRALS
4.2&4.3
The Definite Integral
b
The definite integral
a
f ( x)dx is a number.
It does not depend on x.
b
a
f ( x) dx
INTEGRABLE FUNCTIONS Theorem 4
n
f ( x) dx f ( x ) x
b
*
a i
i 1
ba
where x and xi [ xi 1 , xi ]
*
n
EVALUATING INTEGRALS Equation 5,6,7
The following three equations give formulas for sums
of powers of positive integers.
n
n(n 1)
i 1
i
2
n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
i
i 1
2
6
2
n
n(n 1)
i
i 1
3
2
THE MIDPOINT RULE
n
f ( x) dx f ( x i ) x
b
a
i 1
x f ( x1 ) ... f ( x n )
ba
where x
n
and xi 12 ( xi 1 xi ) midpoint of xi 1 , xi
MIDPOINT RULE Example 5
b
1. c dx c(b a ), where c is any constant
a
f ( x) g ( x) dx
b b b
2. f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
a a a
b b
3. c f ( x) dx c f ( x) dx, where c is any constant
a a
f ( x) g ( x) dx
b b b
4. f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
a a a
b c b
b
6. If f ( x) 0 for a x b, then f ( x) dx 0
a
b b
7. If f ( x) g ( x) for a x b, then f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
a a
8. If m f ( x) M for a x b, then
b
m(b a ) f ( x) dx M (b a )
a
INTEGRALS
4.4
The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus
It is the area
under the graph
of f from x to x + h
(the gold area).
FTC
So, g ( x h) g ( x)
h
f ( x)
FTC1
when f is continuous.
Generalization
d u( x)
dx v ( x )
f (t ) dt u '( x ) f (u ( x )) v '( x ) f ( v ( x ))
u( x) '
f (t )dt u '( x) f (u ( x)) v '( x) f (v( x))
v( x)
If x2
g ( x) (t 2 t )dt ,1 x
x
Find g’(x)
f (t ) t t
2
x2
g ( x) (t 2 t )dt
x
u ( x) x 2 , v( x) x
g '( x) u '( x) f (u ( x)) v '( x) f (v( x)) u '( x) f ( x 2 ) v '( x) f ( x )
1 1
2 x( x x )
4 2
( x x ) 2 x( x x ) ( x 1)
4 2
2 x 2
FTC2
x2
e dx
0
NET CHANGE THEOREM
b
So, we can reformulate a
f ( x) dx F (b) F (a )
as follows.
b
a
F '( x) dx F (b) F (a )
NET CHANGE THEOREM
b
So,
a
( x) dx m(b) m(a )
is the mass of the segment of the rod
that lies between x = a and x = b.
NET CHANGE THEOREM
t2
t1
v(t ) dt s (t2 ) s (t1 )
NET CHANGE THEOREM Equation 3
Therefore,
t2
t1
| v(t ) | dt total distance traveled
NET CHANGE THEOREM
t2
So,
t1
a (t ) dt v(t2 ) v(t1 )
is the change in velocity from time t1 to time t2.
NET CHANGE THEOREM Example 6
Note that
v(t) = t2 – t – 6 = (t – 3)(t + 2)
Thus,
v(t) ≤ 0 on the interval [1, 3] and v(t) ≥ 0 on [3, 4]
NET CHANGE THEOREM Example 6 b
b
f ( x) dx f c b a
a
MEAN VALUE THEOREM
1 b
f (c) f ave
ba a
f ( x)dx
that is,
b
f ( x)dx f c b a
a
Find the average value of the function
f(x)=x2+3 on the interval [2,5]
5
1
2
f ave ( x 3) dx
52 2
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
b
A definite integral
a
f ( x) dx is a number.
∫
An indefinite integral f(x)dx is a function
(or family of functions).
TABLE OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS Table 1
cf ( x) dx c f ( x) dx [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
n 1
x
k dx kx C dx n 1 C (n 1)
n
x
4.5
The Substitution Rule
∫ f(g(x))g’(x) dx = ∫ f(u) du
INTRODUCTION Equation 1
2x 1 x dx
2
SUBSTITUTION RULE Example
Find ∫ x3 cos(x4 + 2) dx
4 du cos udu
3 4
x cos( x 2) dx cos u 1 1
4
14 sin u C
sin( x 2) C
1
4
4
2 dx
Evaluate I
1 (3 5 x) 2
Let u = 3 – 5x.
b g (b )
a
f ( g ( x)) g '( x)dx
g (a)
f (u )du
Let F be an antiderivative of f.
Then, F(g(x)) is an antiderivative of f(g(x))g’(x).
So,
f ( g ( x )) g '( x ) d x F ( g ( x )) a
b
b
a
F ( g ( b )) F ( g ( a ))
INTEGS. OF SYMM. FUNCTIONS Theorem 6
Theorem 6 is
illustrated here.
Suppose that the animal population is
increasing at a rate f(t)=3t-1 ( t measured in years).
Answer:
Exercises
Example 7 p223
55,56,57,58 p226
5,8,9,10;19; 20 p234