8th May Class Notes DI1
8th May Class Notes DI1
8th May Class Notes DI1
Now, we form the sum hf (a) hf (a h) hf (a 2h) ........ hf (a rh) ...... hf [a (n 1)h]
= h[ f (a) f (a h) f (a 2h) ..... f (a rh) .... f {a (n 1)h}]
n 1
= h f (a rh)
r 0
where, a nh b nh b a
n 1
The lim h
h 0
f (a rh),
r 0
if it exists is called the definite integral of f(x) with respect to x between the limits a and b and we
b
denote it by the symbol f (x )dx .
a
n 1
f (a rh)
b b
Thus,
a
f (x )dx lim h[ f (a) f (a h) f (a 2h) ...... f {a (n 1)h}]
h 0
a
f (x )dx lim h
h 0
r 0
The process of evaluating a definite integral by using the above definition is called integration from the first principle or
integration as the limit of a sum.
Example
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Area function
In other words, the area of this shaded region is a function of x. We denote this function of x by A(x). We call the
function A(x) as Area function and is given by
It does not matter which anti-derivative is used to evaluate the definite integral, because if f x dx x c, then
b
f x d x x c a (b) c (a) c (b) (a).
b
a
In other words, to evaluate the definite integral there is no need to keep the constant of integration.
sin x dx
2
Example: is equal to
0
1 1
Solution: (b) I
2 0
2 sin2 x dx
2 0
[1 cos 2 x ]dx
1 sin 2 x 1
I x I [ ] .
2 2 0 2 2
Evaluation of Definite Integral by Substitution.
When the variable in a definite integral is changed, the substitutions in terms of new variable should be effected at three
places.
(i) In the integrand (ii) In the differential say, dx (iii) In the limits
b b (b )
For example, if we put (x ) t in the integral f {(x )} ' (x )dx , then
a a
f { (x )} ' (x )dx (a)
f (t) dt .
Example
2 dx
Example Evaluate -2 4 + x2
directly as well as by the substitution x 1 /t. Examine as to why the answer do not tally?
2 dx
Solution: I
-2 4 + x2
2
1 x 1
tan-1 tan-1 1 tan1 (1)
2 2 2 2
1
I =
2 4 4 4 4
On the other hand; if x 1/t then,
2 dx 1/2 dt 1/2 dt
I 2
2 2
2
-2 4 + x -1/2 t (4 +1/t ) -1/2 4t +1
1/2
1
=- tan-1(2t)
2 -1/2
1 1
tan 1 (1) tan 1 (1)
2 2 8 8 4
e2
loge x
Example: The value of the integral dx is
1 x
e
dx e t dt
and limits are adjusted as –1 to 2
0 2
t2 t2
2 2 0 2
t t
I e dt | t | dt I tdt tdt I I 5/2
1 et 1 1 0 2 1 2 0
/2
dx
Example: equals
0 1 sin x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
/ 2
dx
Solution: (b) I
0 sin x /2 cos x /2 2 sin x /2 cos x /2
2 2
/2 /2 sec 2 x /2
dx
I dx
0 (sin x /2 cos x /2) 2 0 (1 tan x /2) 2
1
Put (1 tan x /2) t sec 2 x /2 dx dt
2
2
1 1 1
2
dt
I2 2 2 1
1 t 2
t 1 2 1
Properties of Definite Integral.
b b
(Property 1) f (x )dx f (t) dt
a a
i.e., The value of a definite integral remains unchanged if its variable is replaced by any other
symbol.
b a
(Property 2) a
f(x)dx f(x)dx i.e., by the interchange in the limits of definite integral, the sign of the integral is
b
changed.
b c b
(Property 3) a
f (x )dx f (x )dx f (x )dx
a c
Proof:
b c1 c2 b
In general, f (x )dx
a a
f (x )dx
c1
f (x )dx .....
cn
f (x )dx ;
Generally this property is used when the integrand has two or more rules in the integration interval. It is also useful when
f (x ) is not continuous in [a, b] because we can break up the integral into several integrals at the points of discontinuity so
that the function is continuous in the sub-intervals.
Illustration
2
Example: | 1 x 2 | dx is equal to
2
2 1 2
Solution: (b) I | 1 x 2 | dx | 1 x 2 | dx | 1 x 2 | dx | 1 x 2 | dx
2 2 1 1
1
1 2
4 4 4
I (1 x 2 )dx (1 x 2 )dx (1 x 2 )dx I 4 .
2 1 1 3 3 3
[x
1.5
2
Example: ]dx , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, equals
0
1.5 1 2 1.5 2 1.5
Solution: (b) I [ x 2 ]dx [ x 2 ]dx [ x 2 ]dx [ x 2 ]dx I 0 1dx 2dx 2 1 3 2 2 I 2 2
0 0 1 2 1 2
5
12
Example: Evaluate tan x dx , where [.] is the greatest integer function.
0
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 2
4 2
5
12
Solution: (b) Let I = tan x dx
0
5
Value of tan x at x = is 2 + 3
12
Value of tan x at x = 0 is 0
Integers between 0 and 2 + 3 are 1, 2, 3
tan x = 1, tan x = 2, tan x = 3
x = tan-1 1, x = tan-1 2, x = tan-1 3
5
tan 1 1 tan 1 2 tan 1 3 12
I= tan x dx tan x dx tan x dx + tan x dx
0 tan 1 1 tan 1 2 tan 1 3
5
tan 1 1 tan 1 2 tan 1 3 12
= 0 dx 1 dx 2 dx + 3 dx
0 tan 1 1 tan 1 2 tan 1 3
= 0 + tan 1 2 tan 1 1 2 tan 1 3 tan 1 2 3 5
tan 1 3
12
5 3 2
= tan1 3 tan1 2 = tan 1 = -tan-1 (-1) = .
4 4 1 6 4
Example
Example