03 24 Restoration and Early Hanoverians

(1625-1689)
The Restoration of the monarchy

and the early Hanoverians
Performer Heritage
Marina Spiazzi, Marina Tavella,
Margaret Layton © 2016
The Restoration and the early Hanoverians
1. Charles II (1660-1685)
• Charles I’s son, he had
spent his exile in France.
• He was an admirer of the Sun King,

Louis XIV, and he had French
tastes.
• His court was devoted to

pleasure: theatres, race-courses
and taverns reopened, and fashion
and gossip replaced religious
debate.
Performer Heritage
1. Charles II (1660-1685)
• London was struck by a bubonic
plague in 1665. More than 100,000
people died.
• The Great Fire destroyed most of the

city of London in four days in 1666.
• Puritans interpreted the two

catastrophes as God’s punishment
for the King’s immorality.
Performer Heritage
1. Charles II (1660-1685)
• The landowners resumed their
leadership of society.
• The newly elected Parliament, the

so-called Cavalier Parliament, met
in 1661.
• The bodies of the regicides,

including Cromwell, were exhumed
and hanged.
Performer Heritage
1. Charles II (1660-1685)
• The Corporation Act (1661) excluded dissenters
from public offices.
• The Act of Uniformity (1662) imposed the use

of the Book of Common Prayer.
• The Test Act (1673) required all public employees

to conform to the Church of England.
• The Treaty of Dover (1670) prepared a joint war

with France against Holland; it also secretly
guaranteed the restoration of Catholicism
to Britain with the military aid of France.
Performer Heritage
2. The Royal Society

• Founded in 1662 with King
Charles II’s patronage;
• its motto, nullius in verba –

‘nothing by words’ – was a
direct challenge to the
dependence on written
authorities;
• it became the centre of the

development of the new
philosophy and science.
Performer Heritage
3. James II (1685-1688)
Performer Heritage
4. The Glorious Revolution

• William of Orange landed with an army
in Devon in 1688 and James II fled abroad.
• William of Orange and his wife Mary

became joint monarchs as William III
and Mary II in 1689.
• A revolution had taken place as the

monarch had been chosen by Parliament,
not by ‘divine right’.
• The name ‘Glorious’ celebrates the

bloodlessness of the event.
Performer Heritage
4. The Glorious Revolution

• The reign of William III and Mary II was
a time of economic progress for England.
• London became the financial capital

of the world.
• The Bill of Rights of 1689 prevented the

king from levying taxes, raising an army or
suspending laws without the consent of
Parliament.
• A Triennial Act asserted that Parliament

should last for three years.
Performer Heritage
5. Queen Anne’s reign (1702-1714)

• Mary died in 1694 and her sister Anne
succeeded William in 1702. Anne was a
popular queen, proudly English and
Anglican. She even attended the debates
in the House of Lords.
• With the Act of Union (1707) the kingdom

of England and Scotland was replaced
by the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
• Ireland remained a separate kingdom

with its own Parliament subordinate to
Westminster and a Protestant government
at Dublin Castle under a British-appointed
Lord Lieutenant.
Performer Heritage
5. Queen Anne’s reign (1702-14)
Performer Heritage
6. The House of Hanover
Performer Heritage
7. The first Hanoverian king

• After Queen Anne’s death, her
cousin, the Duke of Hanover,
became King George I.
• He spoke little English and spent

most of his reign in Hanover.
• To govern he relied on a
cabinet, a council of top ministers
led by the Prime Minister.
• The Whig Sir Robert Walpole was

Britain’s first prime minister. George I, c. 1714.
Performer Heritage
8. The Whigs and the Tories
Descendants Parliamentarians
Supported by the wealthy and
The Whigs commercial classes
Fought for  commercial development
The  a vigorous foreign policy
political  religious toleration
scene was
dominated
by two
parties Descendants Royalists
Supported by the Church
The Tories of England and the landowners
Fought for the divine right
of the king
Performer Heritage
9. Sir Robert Walpole

His anti-war government was to be the
longest in English history (1721-42).
He
• opposed military expenses;
• promoted trade;
• managed to reduce land taxes;
• restored trust in the established order;
•was accused of corruption by his
opponents;
•was awarded a town house in Downing
Street that would become the official
London residence of the British Prime
Minister.
Performer Heritage
10. George II (1727-1760)

During his reign
•Britain fought in the War of the Austrian Succession

(1740-48).
•James Stuart’s grandson, Charles Edward Stuart,

known as ‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’, raised a Jacobite
rebellion in Scotland in 1745 to make his claim to the
throne.
•William Pitt (1708-78) became Prime Minister in 1756.
Performer Heritage
10. George II (1727-1760)

• Britain’s foreign policy was guided by mercantilism and aimed
to maintain a favourable balance of power in Europe.
• In 1756 war broke out, which lasted seven years and therefore
was called the Seven Years’ War.
By 1760 the British

The conflict saw Britain and controlled Montreal and
most of Canada. The
Prussia on one side and an British East India
Company had set up posts
alliance of France, Austria
in Calcutta, Bombay and
and others on the other side. Madras.
Performer Heritage

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(1625-1689)

The Restoration of the monarchy

• He was an admirer of the Sun King,

• His court was devoted to

• The Great Fire destroyed most of the

• Puritans interpreted the two

• The newly elected Parliament, the

• The bodies of the regicides,

• The Act of Uniformity (1662) imposed the use

• The Test Act (1673) required all public employees

• The Treaty of Dover (1670) prepared a joint war

2. The Royal Society

• its motto, nullius in verba –

• it became the centre of the

4. The Glorious Revolution

• William of Orange and his wife Mary

• A revolution had taken place as the

• The name ‘Glorious’ celebrates the

4. The Glorious Revolution

• London became the financial capital

• The Bill of Rights of 1689 prevented the

• A Triennial Act asserted that Parliament

5. Queen Anne’s reign (1702-1714)

• With the Act of Union (1707) the kingdom

• Ireland remained a separate kingdom

5. Queen Anne’s reign (1702-14)

6. The House of Hanover

7. The first Hanoverian king

• He spoke little English and spent

• The Whig Sir Robert Walpole was

8. The Whigs and the Tories

9. Sir Robert Walpole

10. George II (1727-1760)

•Britain fought in the War of the Austrian Succession

•James Stuart’s grandson, Charles Edward Stuart,

•William Pitt (1708-78) became Prime Minister in 1756.

10. George II (1727-1760)

By 1760 the British

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