Unit 3 Chapter 13 I/XVII

AP EURO NOTES: CHAPTER 13

Europe was the chief driving force for everything between the 17th and 20th
century. 5 major states appeared, GB, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline

• Emerged after revolting against Spain.
o 17th century naval wars with England
o 1672, Louis XIV invaded Netherlands
 William II of Orange rallied the Dutch and led a European
coalition against France.
• Became married to Mary through this
• Different path
o Other nations wanted a strong central government
o Dutch had a strong economy, a republic.
 Didn’t really like the populous Holland’s House of Orange’s
ambitions for a monarchy
• Allowed them to help militarily
 Very Useful
 Reverted back to republic after William died and wars with France
ended
• Toleration in religion
o Calvinism was official
o Lots of Catholics and Protestants
o Jewish haven
o Allowed Netherlands to be peaceful.

Urban Prosperity
• High urban consolidation
o Most people lived in cities
• Transformed agriculture
o Drained and reclaimed land from the sea for farming
o Shipping provided lots of cheap grain, farmer made more dairy and beef,
and cash crops
• Extensive trade and finance
o Supplied most of the dried fish
o Lots of textiles
o Dutch ships bought and resold lots of goods
o Vast shipbuilding industry
o Also a very advanced financial system supported this
• Overseas Commercial empire.
o Established a presence in East Asia

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 Dutch East India Company

 Displaced Portuguese Dominance
 Ended up producing the spice
• Colonial master of the area

Economic Decline
• Death of William III (Orange)
o Prevented another strong stadholder. Political supremacy vanished
o British got Naval supremacy
o Fishing and shipbuilding declined.
o Countries traded directly with one another
o Disunity of provinces didn’t do anything to stop it
• Still was important due to the financial dominance
o Financed a lot of stuff

Two Models of European Political Development

• Netherlands, Venice, and Swiss, were republics
• Two different monarchy happened
o Parliamentary Monarchy (England), and Political absolution (France)
o Military cost lots of money, so monarchies needed money
 A secure financial base that was not dependent on nobles would be
French.
 If it didn’t work, it became England as they depended on the
nobles.
o Surprising
 Elizabeth was a strong monarch
 French monarchy was weak from the wars
• The military forces would cause the French to rebel against
the king

Mercantilism (Class Notes)

• Key measure of national wealth, bullion stockpile (precious metals) in national
Treasury
• Increasing reserves
o Favorable trade balance (exports > imports)
o Overseas colonies to enhance national wealth. The pole (mother country)
could buy raw materials and sell back
o Monopolies
o National defense industries
• Goal: National self sufficiency contrasted with multinational corporations
• Zero Sum

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Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England

Turdors consulted
James I
with Parliament
• 1603 James VI succeeded Elizabeth as James I
• Large debt and divided church James asserted claim
o Believed in divine right of kings to absolute power
 Parliament didn’t meet much
 Funded through imposition, new custom duties (Forced loans)
 Parliament negotiated with the king
o Religious problems festered
 Puritans wanted to eliminate fancy ceremonies
 (1604) Hampton Court Conference James rebuffed the Puritans
 Dissenters left England (Plymouth)
• Courts were Center of Scandal and Corruption
 Governed by favorites like duke of Buckingham
 Buckingham was corrupted
• Foreign policy cast doubt on his protestant loyalties
o 1604 Concluded a much needed peace with Spain
 Subjects thought it was catholic orientated
o Relax penal laws on Catholics
o Hesitancy to rush English troops to the 30 years War.
o Failed twice to arrange a marriage between his son and Catholics
o England went to war again in 1624 with Spain.
King James I Defends Popular Recreation Against the Puritans
• Puritans believed in strict observance of the Sabbath
o Thought this drew back some Catholics
• Also everyone was lazy and unfit for war
• Allowed recreations while attending church
• Clergy refused the order

Early Controversy over Tobacco and Smoking

• Condemnation goes back to early European encounters
• Came from Columbus
• Sir Francis Bacon noted some addiction
• Church condemned it
• Still became popular
• James I made a tax on tobacco and gave him badly needed money

Charles I
• Parliament wanted war with Spain
o Didn’t want to finance it thou
o Charles I like his father, went extra-parliament measures

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 Collected unpopular taxes

o 1628 Parliament called the Petition of Right
 They would fund the war in exchange for rights Dissolved
o Next year dissolved the Parliament until 1640 Parliament
• Years of Personal Rule
o Charles made peace with France and Spain
o Advisor Tomas Wentworth made efficiency and taxed lots of stuff
o Might have worked if his religious policies didn’t make a war with
Scotland
o Archbishop William Laud tried to impose Scotland
 Scots rebelled
 Forced to call Parliament
 Disbanded and lost the war
 Forced to listen to the Parliament for a long time

The Long Parliament and Civil War Charles convened

and clashed with
• Landowners and Merchants resented the King Long Parliament.
• Puritans resented religious policies Civil war
• Parliament had widespread support
o House of Commons impeached Stratford and Laud
o Abolished courts that enforced royal policy and prohibited new taxes
o King couldn’t kill the Parliament
• Divided over religion
o Charles wanted money for an army against Scotland
o Opponents didn’t want him to
o King invaded Parliament, failed and raised an Army in London.
o Civil war between Cavaliers (King) and Roundheads (Parliament)
Parliament executes Charles I.
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic commonwealth established
• 2 Factors in Parliament victory
o Alliance with Scotland, that committed Parliament to Presbyterian
o Reorganization of the army under Oliver Cromwell
 Cromwell was willing for a majority church if there were religious
freedom
• Charles tried to take advantage of divisions in the Parliament but Cromwell
defeated him
o Charles was executed in 1649
o Parliament abolished Monarchy, House of Lord, and Anglican Church
• Became a Puritan republic
o Cromwell dominated it
 Conquered Scotland and Ireland
 Atrocities against Irish Catholics
 Cromwell disbanded Parliament and ruled as Lord Protector

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o People resented him

 When he died, England went back

17th Century
Parliamentary Monarchy Absolute Monarchy
• England • France
• Parliament > King • K> Cardinals
• Based on Social Contract • Based on Divine Right of Kings

Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy

• After negations with the army Charles II returned
o People were happy
o He was charismatic and lots of political skill
o New tone after 11 years of boring Puritan
o Returned back
• Secrete Catholic sympathies
o Favored religious tolerations
o Ultra royalists made the Clarendon Code (Excluded non Anglicans from
the government)
• 1670 Treaty of Dover, England and France allied against the Dutch
o Secret term Charles pledged Catholicism if possible
o Louis XIV paid Charles lots of money
o To unite English people, Charles issued the law of Indulgence in 1672.
 Suspended all Laws against Catholics and Protestants
 Parliament refused to fund the war until rescinded
• He did
 Parliament passed the Test Act
• All people had to swear the oath against transubstantiation
• Aimed at preventing his brother James from the throne
• 1678, a liar Titus Oates swore that Charles wife was going to kill him with help
from the Jesuits and Irishmen.
o Parliament believed him
o Popish Plot
 Lots of innocent people were killed
o Earl of Shaftsbury led an group called Whigs
 Didn’t exclude James
• Charles II increased custom duties and turned to Louis XIV for income
o Was about to rule from 1681-1685 without recalling the Parliament.
o Drove Shaftsbury to exile
o Executed Whig leaders
o Elected loyal members into the Parliament

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o Left James with a parliament full of friends Charles II resigns.

Glorious revolution.
The “Glorious Revolution” English bill of rights
• James II
o Repealed the Test act
 Parliament Balked so he dissolved it
 Appointed lots of Catholics
o Another Declaration of Indulgence
 Imprisoned 7 Anglicans bishops for disobeying
 Direct royal attack on local authority
• English hoped James would be succeeded by Mary (protestant daughter)
o Was wife of William II of Orange, European opposition leader against
Louis XIV
o But James then had a son
o Parliament invited William II to invade England to preserved Traditional
liberties
• William of Orange can with his army 1688
o Not much opposition
o James fled to France
o Parliament proclaimed them to new monarchs
• Glorious or Bloodless Revolution
o Ruler recognized a Bill of Rights that limited power of monarchy
 Kings would rule with consent of Parliament
 Called in session every 3 years
 No Catholic in English Throne
o Toleration act of 1689 permitted worship by all Protestants and outlawed
only Catholics and attritions.
 No political rights though
o Act of Settlement (1701)
 Allowed the English crown to go to the house of Hanover if Anne
died without an heir.
• Elector of Hanover became King George I of Great Britain.
• Act of Union in 1707 (England and Scotland combined)

The Age of Walpole

• George I had a challenge to his title
o James Edward Stuart son of James II was defeated quickly
• Political system was in flux until Sir Robert Walpole took charge
o Based on royal support and ability to handle the house of Commons
o Maintained peace and Statue quo
o First prime minister
o Britain became a world power as the central government refrained from
bothering the locals, so the locals willfully collected taxes

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• Limits on Government
o Parliament could not ignore popular pressure
o Lots of independent views
o Newspapers and ideas flourished because of free speech
o Walpole’s enemies openly opposed him
o Britain became the model for liberty

Thomas Hobbs (1651) John Locke (1691)

Book Leviathan Two Treaties on
Government
Influence English Civil war Glorious revolution
Motives • Justify government •Justify government
independent of religion independent of religion
• Justify Rebellion •Justify limited government
State of Nature (Before • War- all against all •Too much liberty
government existed to see • “Nasty, Brutish and Short” •Strong use liberty to
why rational people would deprive weak of things
want a government)
Rational people would • Sovereign has absolute •Would never trade rights of
agree to give up liberty power life liberty and property
•Would trade other liberties
to secure the 3 natural
rights
Source of Power Reason Popular Sovereignty
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1762 The Social Contract

Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of

Louis XIV
• Ground work
o Cardinal Richelieu under Louis XIII
o Cardinal Mazarin
o Imposed direct rule on the people
 Made a rebellion known as Fronde
 Rebellions made Louis XIV cautious
• Made him more subtle
• The king worked with relationships

Years of Personal rule

• After death of Mazarin, Louis XIV made personal control
o Rebellious nobles had to challenge the king, not shift the blame
o Ruled through councils
 The councils had to depend on the king
• Made sure nobility would benefit from his authority
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o Never tried to abolish the things

o Consulted the parlements a lot
o Clash with the Parlement of Paris and curtailed the power.
 Other bodies resented the Parisians and supported him

Versailles
• Became the master of propaganda
o Never missed an opportunity to emphasize himself
o Dominated Nobility by outspending them
o Palace of Versailles, largest secular structure in Europe
 Proclaim the glory of the Sun King
 Many Nobles were dependent on the king by living here
 Consumed half of Louis’s revenues
• Organized court life around his own daily routine
o Made it an honor to serve him
o Some nobles avoided Versailles
 Understood that Louis was not a threat

King by Divine Right

• He had a devout tutor Bishop Jacques-Benigue Bossuet
o Defended divine right of kings
o Bound only by god
o Did not become oppressive
 Focused on making of war and peace and economy
 Locals had power, but Louis killed all challenges

Louis’s Early Wars

• France had the largest population, bureaucracy, army, and unity
o Louis could raise a large army
o Wanted to secure borders of France
 Nations formed coalitions against France
• Conflicts with Spain and United Netherlands
o War of Devolution
 Louis supported the fact that his first wife ought to inherit Spanish
Netherlands
 Legal arrangements should have “devolved” upon her
 1667, Louis’s armies invaded Flanders and Franche-Comte
• Repulsed by England, Sweden, and United Provinces
 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle he gained control of towns bordering
Spanish Netherlands
o Secret Treaty of Dover, England and France went against the Dutch
 Invaded Netherlands again in 1672

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 Prince of Orange, HRE, Spain, Lorraine and Brandenburg went

against Louis.
 Ended with Peace of Nijmwegen and France got more territory

Louis’s Repressive Religious Policies

• Believe political unity required on religion
o Repressed both Catholics and protestants
• Suppression of the Jansenists
o French Roman Catholic defended their “Gallican Liberties” or papel
authority
o After conversion to Roman Catholicism of Henry IV, Jesuits ruled
 Served as confessors to Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV
o Jansenism arose in the 1630s as a counter Jesuits
 Adhered to St. Augustine
• People were extremely evil
 Created by Cornelious Jancon a Flemish theologian
 Published Augustinus posthumously that went against Jesuit
teachings
o Made lots of progress
 Resembled Calvinism and Puritans
 Associated to opposition to royal authority
o 1653 Pope Innocent X declared some Jansenist propositions heretical
 Louis permitted Jansenism to be banned
o 1713 Pope Clement XI issued the bull Unigenitus which condemned
Jansenists
 Louis XIV ordered the French church to accept it
o By persecuting Jansenist, Louis overturned the “Gallican Liberties”
 Fostered a Church opposition to royal authority

Louis’s Later Wars

• The league of Augsburg and the Nine Years’ War
o After Treaty of Nijmwegen Louis still maintain the army
o His forces occupied Strasbourg, causing people to create a collation
against him
o League of Augsburg grew to England, Spain, Sweden, some German
states, and United Provinces
 9 Years war (1689) was between the league and France
• War of Spanish Succession
o 1700 The last Habsburg king (Charles II) died with no heirs
 Left his inheritance to Louis’s grandson Philip of Anjou
o Spain appeared to lose to France
o 1701 England, Holland, and HRE formed the Grand Alliance to save the
balance of power by securing Flanders as a buffer
o 1701 War of Spanish Succession began
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Unit 3 Chapter 13 X/XVII

 First time France went with bad finances, poor army, and bad
generals
 English was advanced, and better tactics.
 England pown with John Churchill
 French pown in Spain
o Peace at Utrecht in 1713
 Philip got to be king but England got some conceptions
• Mediterranean power with the island of Minorca
• Louis recognized House of Hanover

France after Louis XIV

• France still a power
o Everyone was equally drain of resource
• Louis XV
o Duke of Orleans became regent
o Made possible by scandal
• John Law and the Mississippi Bubble
o Duke of Orleans was a gambler
o Turned financial management to a mathematician, a fellow gambler
 Thought Paper money was a good idea
 Organized a bank in Paris
o A monopoly, the Mississippi Company in Louisiana
 Took over management of national debt
 You could trade bonds for Stock
 Law then encouraged Mississippi Company to speculate
• Price of stock rose
o (1719) Smart investors then sold their stock for paper money which they
wanted gold for
 There wasn’t enough gold
o Law fled
o Government disgraced and marked a fear of paper money
• Renewed Authority of the Parlements
o Duke of Orleans attempted to draw the French nobility back to the
Parlement
o Nobility seemed to be stupid after Versailles
 Failed
o French nobles stilled tried to assert themselves over the monarchy
 Through the parlements
o Reinstated full power of the Parlement to allow or disallow laws
o Until the revolution, parlements was a place for royal resistance
o 1726, political direction went to control of Cardinal Fleury
 Worked to maintain authority of monarchy
 Oppression of Jansenists

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Central and Eastern Europe

• Central and Eastern Europe wasn’t as advanced as western
o Less cities and estates
o There were no overseas empires or much trade
o Constant warfare meant no strong political state
o Three countries rose up
 Austrian Habsburgs
 Prussia
 Russia
o Poland wasn’t doing so good

Poland: Absence of String Central Authority

• Poland did not have a leader
o Even after King John II led a polish army, Poland became the place to
show by aristocratic independence was bad
o Monarchy was elective
 Deep distrust meant that they had to import kings
 Were tools of foreign monarchies
• Did have a central legislative body (Sejm (Diet))
• Included only nobles and representatives
o Liberum veto, any member could order the body to disband
o “Exploding the diet” was usually groups though
o Unanimity was a stumbling block

The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction

• After the end of the 30s year war, Austrians saw they were on their own
o Had a hold on HRE
o Power wasn’t really much and relied on cooperation
o Habsburgs began to expand outside the empire
 Crown of Saint Wenceslas (Bohemia)
 Moravia and Silesia
 Hungary, Croatia, and Transylvania
• Through Treaty of Rastatt (1714) Habsburg got former Spanish territories
o Power now outside Germany
o Habsburg ruled by a different title and the cooperation of the nobles
o Bargained with the nobles
o No way to unify as it was so diverse
 Even religion was not a bond as some people were Calvinists
• Leopold I was able to resist the Ottoman Empire
o Siege of Vienna in 1683
o Also was able to thwart Louis XIV
o Achieved Ottoman recognition of Hungary as his territory (1699)
 Got lots of other territory

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o Gave the Habsburg some hope of Mediterranean trade

 Compensated for loss of HRE power
• Joseph I continued it
• Charles VI succeeded Joseph
o He had no male heir
o No chance for a queen
o Created Pragmatic Sanction
 Legal basis for single line of inheritance through Charles VI’s
daughter Maria Theresa
 Other family members recognized her as rightful heir
o Believed a safe succession for his daughter
 He did establish a permanent line of succession
o However there was not a full treasury
 Lead to foreign pray
 Fragility of foreign agreement was apparent
 Prussia then attacked.

Prussia and the Hohenzollers

• Rise after the vacuum left in the Peace of Westphalia
• Hohenzollern
o Ruled Brandenburg
o Acquired the duchy of Cleves and Mark and Ravensburg (1614) East
Prussia (1618) and Promeranian (1648)
 Basically didn’t share a border
 All territories poor and devastated by war
 2nd only to the Habsburgs
• Frederick William the Great Elector
o Breaking noble estates and organizing a bureaucracy and strong army
 Welcomed French Refugees
o 1655 to 1660 Sweden and Poland fought over his lands as he couldn’t get
enough new taxes
 Brandenburg refused to give him taxes
 Collected with his army
o Trade offs on taxes
 The Junkers German noble landlord got the right to demand
obedience of their serfs
 Serfs took the most of the taxes
 By contacting nobles he was able to cooperate his potential
opponents
 Junkers then dominated the army officer corps
o All officials took an oath of loyalty to the Elector
o Army and elector became a unity of the state
• Frederick I

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o Least “Prussian”
o Built palaces, founded a University, and patronized the arts
o During war of Spanish succession he helped HRE Leopold I in exchange
for “King in Prussia”
• Frederick William I
o One of the most eccentric and effective
o Bureaucracy along military lines
o Fanatical discipline
o Prussian military grew from 39K 1713 to 80K in 1740
 3rd or 4th largest army
 While 13th population
 Laws made it cool to join the army
• Lot’s of sons of Junkers
• Junker and monarchy became one
o Monarchy Priorities dominated
• He avoided conflict
o Army a symbol of power and unity
o Passed to Frederick the Great
 Didn’t know not to use it
 Immediate invaded stuff and created the Austrian-Prussian Rivalry

Russia Enters the European Political Arena

• Russia was a new factor
• Before 1673, no permanent ambassadors
o Not much ports

The Romanov Dynasty

• Ivan IV, later known as Ivan the Terrible had began good but ended badly
o Midway went a personality change that went from sensible reform to
tyranny
o A “Time of Troubles” after his death
• (1613) Nobles elected a Tsar Michael Romanov
o Dynasty ruled Russia until 1917
o Two successors Aleksei and Theodore II
 Brought stability and modest bureaucracy
 Still weak and impoverish
 The boyars old nobility controlled the bureaucracy
 Faced mutiny from the guards, or streltsy

Peter the Great

• 1682, Peter ascended to the throne
o Came to power with Ivan Von the shoulder of the streltsy
o Their sister Sophia was the regent

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o Peter’s followers overthrew here

o Ruled personally though Ivan also shared the crown
o Told Peter 2 lessons
 Power must be made secure from boyars and streltsy
 Military power must be increased
• Northwestern Europe fascinated Peter
o 1697 He made his famous visit to western Europe
 Like inspecting shipyards, docks, and military hardware
manufacturing areas
 Copied it all
 Understood he still had to confront the traditions
• Taming the Streltsy and Boyars
o 1698 the streltsy rebelled during his trip
o Brutally suppressed the revolt
 About 1000 rebels were killed and put on public display
o New military would serve the tsar and not itself
 Ruthless conscription
 300k troops by the end of the decade
 Patterned on European armies
o Attacked the boyars and their attachment to traditional culture
 He personally shaved the long bears and their long hand-coverings
which made them the butt of jokes
o Was good a balancing one group with another without excluding any
• Developing a Navy
o Developed ships to protect the black sea against the Ottomans
o Captured Azov in 1696
o Part of the trip’s reason was to see how to build a better navy
o Essential in his struggle with Sweden
• Russian Expansion in the Baltic: The Great Northern War
o After the end of the 30 years war, Sweden had control of the Baltic.
 Russian couldn’t have access to the Baltic sea
 Sweden had a large army, but a fragile economy
o Charles XII came to Swedish throne
 Headstrong and a bit insane
• 1700 Peter began a drive to Swedish territory
o Resulted in the Great Northern War
o Charles XII beat Russia in Battle of Narva (1700)
o As it kept on going Peter was able to strengthen
o 1709 Peter defeated the Swedes.
o Charles ran to turkey
 Came back in 1714
 Was killed mysteriously
o Came to close in 1721

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 Peace of Nystad gave Russia Estonia, Livonia, and a bit of Finland

 Russia has ice-free ports and influence of European affairs
• Founding of St. Petersburg
o Domestic and foreign policy combined
o Made at the site of Gulf of Finland
o Made a new capital city of St Petersburg (1703), compelled boyars to
make town houses
o Copied Louis XIV with a smaller version of Versailles
 New Western orientation
 Looked different from other Russian Cities
• The case of Peter’s son Aleksei
o Born to his first wife that he divorce
o Peter was jealous of him
 Aleksei wasn’t very smart or ambitious
o 1716 Peter was concerned that his opponents rallied behind Aleksei
 Next year Aleksei went to Vienna to enter a conspiracy with
Emperor Charles VI
o Compromised Alexsei returned under suspicion
o Peter was investigating corruption realized his soon could be a rallying
point
 Discovered if Aleksei and Charles VI made a conspiracy many
people would have joined them
 Peter interrogated Aleksei and died mysteriously (1718)
• Reforms of Peter the Great’s Final Years
o Interrogations around Aleksei revert a larger amount of opposition
o (1698) Undertook radical administrative reforms
• Administrative Colleges
o 1717 Peter reorganized his domestic administration into Swiss colleges
 Bureaus of people operating under written instructions
 Created 8 of these and they received advise from foreigners
 Half of the people were loyal to him
• Table of Ranks
o 1722 published Table of Ranks which drew nobility to state service
o Person’s social position was his rank in bureaucracy or military
• Achieving Secular control of the church
o Peter moved to suppress independence in the Russian Orthodox Church as
some clergy displayed sympathy for Aleksei
o Abolished the patriarch, the bishop at the head of the church
 Replaced bye Holy Synod which was several bishops headed by a
layman
 Adherence to secular requirements.
• No successor
o After he died in 1725 no clear line of succession
o For more than 30 years soldier and nobles fought again

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 Layed the foundation

The Ottoman Empire

• Europeans conflicted a lot with the Ottoman
o Authority sort of receded in the 18th century
o Europeans tried to exploit them
• Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and most stable
o Lots of different cultures and people

Religious Toleration and Ottoman Government

• Very diverse religiously
• Far more religious toleration than anywhere in Europe
o Sultans governed through millets, or officially recognized religious
communities
o Different laws belonged to different millats, rather than an administrative
territory
o Non-Islamic person, or dhimmis could do normal stuff through religious
officials but were 2nd class citizens
 A special poll tax, and could not serve in military
 Other restriction
 Gained economic success as the had the most commercial skills
• Ottomans discouraged interactions with others
• Greek subjects were interpreters
• The ottoman dynasty kept it separated by recruiting loyal people
o Through devshirme the ottomans recruited elite troops through Christian
communities
 Most famous were Janissaries
o Thought that they were loyal as they owed everything to the sultan
o As a result, advancement was closed to the native Islamic population
 Thousands of other people filled posts and political influence and
status.
 In contrast, the socially leading family didn’t get much
 Many people believed better be a slave than a free subject
• The Role of Ulama
o Islamic religious authorities played a large role in the political, legal, and
administrative life of the Ottoman Empire.
 Chief protector of Islamic law and Sunni tradition of Islam
 Islamic scholars, Ulama, dominated religious institution, schools,
and courts of law
o Trade off between political and religious authorities
 Sultan would consult scholars
 The scholars would support the Ottoman state

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 The Ulama urged the sultans to go to a traditional life even with a

modernizing Europe
 Janissaries resisted changes that might undermine their statues

End of Ottoman Expansion

• From the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire tried to push westward into Europe.
o Even after its naval defeat in 1571, the empire retained control of eastern
Mediterranean.
o Made the deepest military invasion in 1683, failed siege of Vienna
 Symptom of a deeper decline
• Gradually from the 17th century the authority of the grand vizier, #2, began to
grow
o More authority law with administrative and military bureaucracy
 Rivals for power among army leaders as well of greed, weakened
the government
 Local elites tried to asset their own influence by renegotiating its
conditions.
• For example, Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia the
empire depended on the goodwill of the rulers
• External factors accounted for the blocking of the expansion
o During the European Middle Ages the Islamic world has far outdistanced
Europe in learning.
o 15th century and onwards Europeans overtook them
o European trade expanded
 Colonized everything
 Used to get stuff from the Ottomans
 Europeans able to bypass them
o European naval power
• Ottoman defeats were only at the out limits
o Defeated Ottomans signed the Treaty of Carlowits
 Give up lots of territory to the Habsburgs
• Loss of revenue
 Now on Ottomans would fight Russia around the Black sea
• Ottomans remained inward looking, thinking that they are superior
o Very few information was translated into Arabic or Turkish
o Few traveled to Europe
 Didn’t understand the European advances
 18th century the Ottomans recognized this and borrowed European
Tech and ideas
 The Ulama worked against the imitation of Europe
• Limited relationships
o European governments viewed Islam as backward

AP European History -MMX- Rev. B

Unit 3 Chapter 13 XVIII/XVII

Baroque Art
• Baroque is a style with seventeenth-century art
o Baroque is lots of different styles
o Subjects were naturalistic rather than idealized
 New science and better understanding of human anatomy
• Most famous was Michelangelo Caravaggio
o Sharp contrasts between light and dark
 Dramatic scenes
 Drew subject into emotion portrayed
• Baroque artists served religious and secular ends
o Often portrayed scenes from the Bible and saints
o Used same style for everyday objects
 Dutch still lifes
 Louis Lenain painted French peasant life
• Became associated with Roman Catholicism
o First emerged in papal Rome with Gian Lorenzo Berni
 Oversaw the construction of the great tabernacle
 Also designed a monument to papal authority and lots of other
impressive things
• Counterpart in secular world
o Charles I (Eng) employed Peter Paul Rubens to decorate the ceiling of his
London Palace
o Led Puritan suspicions that the King liked Roman Catholics
o Most elaborate was Louis XIV Vesailles

AP European History -MMX- Rev. B