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    Genetics

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    Rose Halili

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    Genetics

    Uploaded by

    Rose Halili
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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    6 views27 pages

    Genetics

    Uploaded by

    Rose Halili

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    GENETICS AND

    PRINCIPLE OF
    INHERITANCE
    Genes - unit of heredity, composed
    of DNA molecules that are
    transferred from parents to offspring.

    Genetics - study of genes and how


    they affect heredity.
    Gregor Mendel and His
    Works
    • discovered the basic principles in the field of
    genetics through his garden pea experiments,
    which is why he is known as the “ FATHER OF
    MODERN GENETICS”

    • Formulates the LAWS OF INHERITANCE:


    1. Law of Dominance
    2. Law of Segregation
    3. Law of Independent Assortment
    Important Terms in Genetics
    Allele one of two or more alternative forms of a
    gene

    Dominant Trait trait that is expressed

    Gamete reproductive or sex cell

    Genotype genetic composition of an individual


    Important Terms in Genetics
    organisms that have two different alleles for
    Heterozygous
    the same trait
    organisms that have two identical alleles for
    Homozygous a particular trait
    observable characteristic of an individual
    Phenotype

    diagram used to predict an outcome of a


    Punnett Square particular cross
    trait that is masked in the presence of a
    Recessive Trait dominant trait
    Punnett square Experiments

    • Mendel’s experiments involved the use of the Punnett


    Square.
    • Gametes produced by the parents are written on the
    outer sides of the square.
    • Possible gene combination are represented inside the
    square.
    • Capital letters represent the dominant alleles, and
    lowercase letters represent recessive alleles.
    Monohybrid cro • A cross between
    ss parents that differ in
    one trait.

    • Two contrasting
    Dihybrid cross
    traits between two
    parents.
    MENDEL’S LAWS OF
    INHERITANCE
    MODIFICATIONS ON
    MENDEL’S CLASSIC
    RATIOS
    NON-MENDELIAN
    INHERITANCE
    Incomplete Dominance

    • happens when one allele is not


    completely dominant over the other
    allele.
    • often shows a heterozygous
    phenotype that is intermediate
    between the two homozygous
    phenotypes.
    Codominance

    • both alleles contribute to the


    phenotype of an organism.
    Multiple Alleles
    • involves having more than two
    phenotypes for a particular trait,
    which happens when an organism has
    more that two alleles for that trait.
    • can demonstrate different levels of
    dominance.
    Genetic Recombination

    • process of recombining genes to


    produce offspring with traits that are
    different from those of their parents.
    • contributes a lot to the genetic
    variation among organisms.
    Sex Linkage
    • applies to genes that are located on
    the sex chromosomes.
    • females receives two X chromosomes
    from each parent, while male receives
    an X chromosome from their mother
    and Y chromosome from their father.
    Sex Linkage
    • different kinds of sex-linked genes
    are found on the X chromosome.
    • more than 100 sex-linked genetic
    disorders have been mapped on the X
    chromosome.
    • Y chromosome is smaller than the X
    chromosome, and it contains only a
    few genes.
    X-linked Dominant
    • offspring whose parents are affected
    with an X-linked dominant trait has a
    50% chance of inheriting the
    trait/mutation/disorder.
    • If only the father is affected, all of the
    females will be affected, and none of
    the male son’s will be affected.
    X-linked Recessive

    • a female parent possessing one X-


    linked recessive mutation is
    considered a carrier.
    • examples of these disorders are
    Duchenne muscular dystrophy,
    haemophilia, and color blindness.
    Y-linked

    • manifestation of a phenotypic trait by


    an allele on the Y chromosome.
    • Y-linked traits are passed only from
    father to son, with no genetic
    recombination occuring.
    Sex-influenced and Sex-limited Traits

    • pertain to traits that are


    phenotypically expressed depending
    on whether the individual is male or
    female.
    • there are instances that a trait is sex-
    limited , these are characters only
    expressed in one sex.
    Pedigree Analysis
    • similar to a family tree.
    • uses symbols that show one’s family
    history.
    • Understanding the pedigree chart will
    help you identify relevant medical
    facts about certain traits or diseases,
    as well as the family history.

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