Week 1 - Measurement of Heat Energy III

WEEK ONE
TOPIC: MEASUREMENT OF HEAT ENERGY III
Instructor: Nyityo Israel

WELCOME TO MR ISRAEL’S CLASS
By the end of the lesson you will be able

to:
1. Distinguish between boiling and evaporation.
2. Define saturated and unsaturated vapour.
3. Explain dew point and relative humidity.
Evaporation
Evaporation is a process whereby a liquid
spontaneously turns into vapour below its
boiling point.
Kinetic Molecular theory explanation of
Evaporation.
Kinetic molecular theory explains evaporation
thus; As a liquid is heated, its molecules gain
more kinetic energy. The molecules near the
surface may possess enough K.E to break away
from the attraction of other molecules and
move outside the liquid and exist as the
vapour form of the substance.
Factors affecting Rate of Evaporation.
1) Temperature: An increase in temperature

increases the rate of evaporation while a
decrease in temperature reduces evaporation.
2) Pressure: At high pressure, rate of evaporation
is reduced. When pressure levels fall, rate of
evaporation increases.
3) Nature of the liquid: Liquids with low boiling
points evaporate more rapidly than those with
higher boiling points.
4) Area of liquid exposed: The greater the
surface area of liquid exposed, the faster the
evaporation.
5) Wind and dryness of air: The drier the air, the
higher the rate of evaporation. This explains
why clothes dry faster in harmattan
compared to rainy season when the air is
moist.
The body employs the working of evaporation
to cool itself whenever we engage in
strenuous activities causing our bodies to
sweat. The sweat from our body takes some of
our body heat as latent heat to enable it
evaporate, leaving us feeling cooler since our
body temperature now drops.
Similarly our bodies feel cooler when they
come in contact with perfumes, methylated
spirit, petroleum products due to evaporation.
Boiling
As a liquid is heated, its temperature increases
until it gets to a steady temperature at which
bubbles of air form inside the liquid and rise
to the surface in a process referred to as
boiling. This process occurs at a
constant/steady temperature called boiling.
An increase in pressure raises the boiling point
of a liquid while a decrease lowers boiling
point.
The impact of pressure on boiling point is
applied in the working of pressure cookers to
cook food much faster. The cooker raises the
temperature of water to about 120˚C by
holding the liquid down using a metal sauce
pan and a lid, thus allowing cooking
temperatures within a short time.
Impurities are also a factor that raises boiling
point, while their presence lowers freezing
point for the same liquid.
EVAPORATION BOILING
Substance changes from Substance changes from
liquid to vapour at liquid to vapour at
1.
temperatures below boiling temperatures at boiling point.
point.
2.
Takes place slowly at the Occurs throughout the entire
liquid surface. volume of the liquid.
Takes place at all Occurs at a specific

temperatures temperature
Temperature need not be Temperature remains steady.
steady
Wind aids evaporation Wind has no effect on boiling.
Sublimation.
This is the process whereby a substance
changes directly from solid to vapour without
passing through the liquid state. Examples of
substances that sublime include:- Ammonium
chloride, Iodine, Naphthalene balls, camphor,
dry ice (solid carbon dioxide), arsenic etc.
When a liquid is heated in a confined space,
its vapour forms above the liquid and exerts a
pressure referred to as vapour pressure. When
the confined space becomes filled (saturated)
with these vapour molecules, the vapour is
said to be saturated and the pressure exerted
is referred to as saturated vapour pressure.
Saturated vapour.
A saturated vapour is a vapour which is in
contact with its own liquid within a confined
space. At saturated vapour, the amount of
liquid escaping from the surface per unit time
equals the number returning to the liquid per
unit time.
We hence define boiling point as the
temperature at which saturated vapour
pressure of a liquid equals its atmospheric
pressure.
Relative Humidity & dew point.
This refers to the ratio of the mass of water
vapour in a certain volume of air to the mass
of water vapour required to saturate the same
volume of air at the same temperature.
Relative humidity is expressed in percentage.
The water vapour content of the atmosphere
is referred to as humidity.
Working principle of the Refrigerator
Components of Refrigerator: Refrigerant
(Liquefied ammonia gas, Freon (ethyl
chloride)), Compressor, Pump & Cooling fins.
The processes are thus;
1. The refrigerant contained inside copper pipes
surrounding the freezing chamber absorbs
latent heat of vaporization from the freezing
chamber and evaporates. This cools the
freezing chamber and its contents.
2. The vapour is removed by the pump and
compressed inside of the condenser attached
outside the refrigerator.
3. The cooling fins fixed to the condenser
conduct the latent heat from the compressed
gas away to the surroundings. This heat is now
lost to the surroundings via convection and
radiation.
4. The condensed vapour goes back into
circulation around the freezing chamber and
the cycle continues.
DEW POINT
This is the temperature at which the water
vapour present in the air is just sufficient to
saturate it.
From this knowledge, we can redefine relative
humidity in terms of dew point thus.
Relative humidity of air is measured using a

Hygrometer
Mist and fog: these are suspended water
droplets formed in the atmosphere as a result
of moist air near land cooling to dew point,
and condensing around dust particles.
A severe condition of mist is referred to as a
fog. Mist and fog reduce visibility, making
drivers drive at lesser speeds with headlamps
turned on even in the daytime. Fog is a visible
moisture that begins at a height lower than 50
feet.
Clouds and Rain: A cloud is a thick mist
formed high up in the atmosphere. It is
formed as warm air gets cooled as it travels
into the higher atmosphere. When or if this air
becomes saturated as a result of the cooling,
the water vapour condenses as tiny water
droplets, forming a cloud.
An unstable cloud gives rise to a downpour
referred to as rain. The moisture in clouds
must become heavy enough to succumb to
gravity and return to earth's surface.

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WEEK ONE

TOPIC: MEASUREMENT OF HEAT ENERGY III

Instructor: Nyityo Israel

By the end of the lesson you will be able

1) Temperature: An increase in temperature

Takes place at all Occurs at a specific

Relative humidity of air is measured using a

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