Slide No.

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CLASS X, GEOGRAPHY, CHAPTER-5
MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES
Module Number 3/3 Teacher: P V Divakaran, AECS-2 Kalpakkam

Topics to be discussed:
• Energy Resources: Conventional and Non-conventional
• Conventional Sources of Energy : Coal; Types of coal, Petroleum, Natural
Gas
• Distribution of Coal, Oil and Natural Gas
• Electricity
• Non-Conventional Sources of Energy: Nuclear or Atomic Energy, Solar
Energy, Wind Power, Biogas, Tidal Energy, Geo Thermal Energy
• Conservation of Energy Resources
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Energy Resources
• Resources which are used as power to run industries are called energy
resources.
• Example: Fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and
electricity.
• Energy resources can be classified into conventional and non-conventional
sources.
• Conventional: It includes firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural
gas and electricity.
• Non-conventional: It includes solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and
atomic energy. They are inexhaustible and renewable.

Coal:
• Coal is a fossil fuel
• It is used for power generation in thermal power plants.
• It is bulky. So many coal based industries are located near coalfields.
• Coal is formed due the compression of plant material over millions of years.
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Types of Coal
• Peat: It has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating
capacity.
• Lignite: It is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture
content. Major lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used
for generation of electricity.
• Bituminous:
o It is has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures
o It is the most popular coal in commercial use.
o High grade bituminous coal is used for smelting iron in blast furnaces
• Anthracite: It is the highest quality hard coal.
• Major Coalfields: Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand) The
Godavari, Mahanadi, Son, and Wardha valley, Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro,
Karanpura, Chandrapura,Giridih,Deogargh,Korba, Singrauli, Talcher are
important coalfields.
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Petroleum
• Petroleum is also known as mineral oil or liquid gold.
• It is the second energy source in India after coal.
• It provides fuel for heating and lighting
• It provides lubricants for machinery
• It provides raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries
• Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser
industries and chemical industries.
• In India most of the petroleum occurrences are associated with anticlines and
fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
• 63 % of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High
• 18 % from Gujarat and 16 % from Assam
• Major oilfields of India are : Mumbai High - Maharastra
Ankeleshwar - Gujarat
Digboi, - Assam
Naharkatiya - Assam
Moran-Hugrijan - Assam
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Natural Gas
• It is a clean energy resource
• It is environment friendly fuel because of its low carbon dioxide emissions
• It is also used as a raw material in petrochemical industry
• Use of CNG for vehicles is gaining wide popularity in the country.

Reserves of natural gas:

o Krishna- Godavari Basin
o Mumbai High
o Gulf of Cambay
o Andaman and Nicobar islands

Major Gas Pipeline:

o Hazira-Vijaipur – Jagdishpur (HVJ) pipelines cross country gas pipeline links
Mumbai High and Bassien with the fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in
western and northern India.
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Distribution
of coal,
oil and
Natural Gas
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Electricity
• In todays life electricity is used for many purposes.
• Its percapita consumption is considered as an index of
development.
Electricity is generated mainly in two ways:
1. by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro
electricity
Example: Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation, the Kopili
Hydel Project etc.
2. by burning fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive
turbines to produce thermal power.
Example: Singrauli, Namrup, Ramagundam, Talcher , Neyveli, etc.
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Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
• Why should we promote the use of renewable or non conventional source of
energy?
o Shortages of fossil fuels have raised uncertainties about the security of energy
supply in future.
o Rising prices of oil and gas has raised uncertainty.
o Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.
Nuclear or Atomic Energy
• It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
• When alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this heat is
used to generate electric power.
• Uranium and Thorium are used as fuel which are available in Jharkhand and the
Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan.
• Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in Thorium.
Major Nuclear Power Stations of India are:
Kalpakkam, Kaiga, Kakrapara, Kudamkulam, Rawat Bhata, Narora & Tarapore
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Nuclear
and
Thermal
Power
Plants
of India
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Solar Energy
• By using photovoltaic technology solar energy is
converted into electricity
• India is a tropical country. There is enormous
possibilities of tapping solar energy
• It has minimised the dependence of rural households
on firewood and dung cakes
• It contributes to environmental conservation and
adequate supply of manure in agriculture
• India’s largest solar power plant is located in
Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat.
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Wind Power
• Wind energy is utilised to turn huge windmills to
generate electricity.
• India has great potential of wind power.
• The largest wind farm cluster is in Tamil Nadu from
Nagarcoil to Madurai.
• Other important wind farms are in Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and
Lakshadweep.
• Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective
use of wind energy.
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Biogas
• Biogas is produced by the decomposition of organic matters like
shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste.
• Biogas has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene or
charcoal.
• It is mainly used for domestic consumption in rural areas.
• The plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’.
• It provides twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and
manure.
• It also prevents the loss of trees due to the burning of fuel wood.
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Tidal Energy
• What is tidal energy?
• Tidal energy is the energy generated by the movement of oceanic
tides.
• Do you know how tidal energy is generated?
• During high tide when water flows into the inlet and gets trapped
then the gate is closed. After the tide falls outside, the water retained
by the floodgate flows back to the sea through a pipe that is fitted
with a power-generating turbine. Thus electricity is generated.
• Tidal Energy Generating Centers:
o Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat
o Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat
o Gangetic delta in Sunderban regions of West Bengal
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Geo Thermal Energy
• It refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the
interior of the Earth.
How Geo Thermal Energy is generated?
• The Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Groundwater in
such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. When it rises to the
earth’s surface in the form of hot spring, it turns into steam. This steam is used
to drive turbines and thus electricity is generated.
Areas of Geo Thermal Energy generation in India:
1. Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh
2. Puga Valley, Ladakh
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Conservation of Energy Resources
“energy saved is energy produced”
• Why should we conserve energy resource?
o Consumption of energy has been steadily rising all over the country.
o Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry, transport,
commercial and domestic needs energy.
o In this context, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of
energy development.
o We should prefer to use renewable sources energy.
o We have to use our limited energy resources judiciously.
For example:
o We have to use public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
o We should switch off electricity when not in use.
o We should use power-saving devices.
o We should prefer to use non-conventional sources of energy.
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Recapitulation
• Why should we need to conserve energy resources?
• Bing out the difference between thermal power and hydel power projects.
• What is solar energy? Explain its importance.
• How is biogas produced? Why is it called ‘Gobar gas plant’ in rural areas?
• Distinguish between conventional source and non conventional source of
energy.
• Give examples for multipurpose projects of India.
• Name the two countries which import iron ore from India.
• Distinguish between Bio Gas and Natural Gas.
• In which regions does petroleum occur in India?
• How is tidal energy produced?
• Name some Nuclear Power Stations of India.