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    Physiology 2

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    Physiology 2

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    Copyright:

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    12 views19 pages

    Physiology 2

    Uploaded by

    shabir popal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY

    Guyton & Hall text book of Medical Physiology 13th edition

    NESAR A. ZAHIER, MD, PGD


    Lecturer KUMS

    1
    ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحیم‬

    ‫‪2‬‬
    THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTIONS -2

    • Definitions
    • 100 trillion
    • Building block
    • LIGHT MICROSCOPIC
    STRUCTURE

    3
    ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL

     Protoplasm composed of 5s:


    1. Water: 70-85%, solution for chemicals
    2. Ions: reactions, control, transmissions
    3. Lipid: 2% mass, barriers, fatcells 95%
    4. Proteins: 10-20% mass, 1.structural, 2.functional
    5. Carbohydrates: nutrition, 1-3-6%mass

    4
    PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE CELL
    -Cell membrane

     Lipid barrier impedes penetration of


    Water-soluble substances
     Integral & peripheral proteins
     Carbohydrates – The cell Glycocalyx
     Negative charges
     Attaching cells one another
     Receptors for hormones
     Immune reactions

    5
    CYTOPLASM AND ITS ORGANELLES
    -Endoplasmic Reticulum

     Process & transport cell made


    molecules
     Surface is 30-40 times >cell memb.
     Ribosome & Granular ER:
    composed of RNA and proteins=
    synthesize new proteins
     Agranular ER: synthesis of lipid
    substances

    6
    Golgi Apparatus

     Prominent in secretary cells


     Functions in association with ER
     Substances from ER processed in
    Golgi Apparatus to form lysosomes,
    secretary vesicles and other
    components

     Lysosomes: provides intracellular


    digestive system, to digest:
     Damaged structures
     Food particles
     Bacterias
     Full of hydrolytic enzymes

    7
    Secretory Vesicles

     Secretory vesicles formed in ER


    and processed in Golgi
    apparatus then to cytoplasm in
    the form of Storage vesicles

    8
    -Peroxisomes

     Similar to lysosomes, 2
    differences:
     1. Formed by self replication or
    from ER rather than Golgi
    apparatus
     2. They contain oxidases rather
    than hydrolases
     Oxidize many poisonous
    substances & alcohol

    9
    Mitochondria

     Power houses of the cell


     Two layers and cristae
     Self replicative
     Contain own DNA
     ATP

    10
    Cell Cytoskeleton

     Actin Filaments: outer


    zone=ectoplasm
     to form elastic support for cell
    membrane
     Microtubules: strong tubular
    structure
     Cell shape
     Cell division
     Cell movements
     Movement of organelles within cells

    11
    NUCLEUS

     Control center of the cell


     Nuclear membrane
     Nuclear pores
     Nucleoli and formation of
    Ribosomes
     Large amount of RNA &
    proteins of Ribosome

    12
    FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS OF THE CELL
    -Ingestion by the cell—endocytosis
     Diffusion & active transport
     Endocytosis:
    1. Pinocytosis: ingestion of small
    particles=form vesicles
    2. Phagocytosis: ingestion of
    large particles like bacteria,
    cell…

    13
    Pinocytotic and phagocytic -
    foreign substances are digested
    inside the cell by lysosomes

     Regression
    of tissues
    and
    Autolysis of
    Damaged
    cells
     Autophagy

    14
    Synthesis of cellular structures by endoplasmic
    reticulum and Golgi apparatus
     Specific functions of the
    Endoplasmic Reticulum
     Most synthesis begins in ER then
    processed by Golgi apparatus then
    released to cytoplasm
     Proteins by Granular ER
     Lipids by Smooth ER
     Enzymes for glycogen breakdown
     Detoxifying enzymes
     Specific functions of the Golgi
    Apparatus
     Synthesis of carbohydrates
     Formation of vesicles 15
    The mitochondria extract energy
    from nutrients

    ATP

    16
    LOCOMOTION OF CELLS

     Ameboid movement
     Pseudopodium, WBC,
    chemotaxis
     Cilia and Ciliary
    movements
     Respiratory tract,
    flagellum sperm

    17
    The life inside the living cell

    18
    THANKS
    19

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