Wa0005
Wa0005
Wa0005
Dr. E. K. Anto
Objectives
Understand the concept of automatic load-frequency
control (ALFC), and the dependence of power system
frequency on active (or real) power demand
Appreciate the methods used to increase the
transmittable real/active power in transmission
lines, i.e., how to increase the transmission capacity
Appreciate the control or management of active
power in the generation and transmission systems
Understand the dependence of power system losses on
load flows, and how these losses can be reduced
Solve examples on active power generation in plants,
as well as active power flows in lines
2.1: Introduction – Objectives of
normal system operation
1. Maintenance of real power balance
2. Control of frequency
Substituting,
Hence,
Notes:
(i) Expressed as per unit regulation, the regulation figure is
the same for both units
(ii) Generators working in parallel on the same network
ought to have the same per unit regulation, in order to share
load changes in proportion to their size or rating.
ActivePower Management in
Transmission System
2.5 Active Line Power Flow and Its
Control
Consider the simplified model of a transmission line
(assumed lossless)
We refer to the known active power flow equation between
two ends of a line, having voltage V1 and V2 and separated
by a reactance X:
Deductions
The active power flow depends on the product of the
magnitude of the end-point voltage phasors
Because the product of the two voltages is always positive,
active power flow will always be positive
That is, active line power flow will always be from sending-
end to receiving-end
2.5 Active Power Flow and Its
Control (2)
Deductions (continued)
Real power (or MW) and VAR flows need not be
in the same direction
Notes:
This value is well below the intended power of 1000 MW to be
transmitted.
What it means is that one cannot wheel a bulk power of1000
MW through this 20 kV LV line. It would require an HV line
2.6 Increasing the static stability limit
1. Increasing the transmission voltage
change of transmission voltage will demand
change of line insulators, tower heights,
switchgear, etc
expensive to undertake
OR, (Eqn 2)
Or,
2.9.2 Frequency dependency of
impedance loads (2)
Rearranging the last expression, we obtain
Noting that,
Note:
NOTES:
(i)The 1% voltage drop causes a 0.84% current rise, quite a
typical situation in the case of an induction motor.
Remember the opposite situation in the case of an
impedance load.
2.9.3 Voltage dependency of motor
loads – Solution 7(4)
Finally, we obtain the following power relationship
NOTES:
(i) The motor will reduce its power drain by only
(0.002x100%)=0.2% for a 1% voltage drop. This is the so-
called brownout effect
(ii)Compare the 2% power reduction in the case of an
impedance load.
(iii) Impedance loads thus give a better power reduction than
motor loads under such conditions.
2.10 Exercises
1) Discuss, with the aid of a schematic diagram, how the control of the
power system frequency is achieved by regulation of the generator output.
2). State any FOUR aims of power system operation.
3). Explain the relevance of series and shunt compensations in a power
system
4). Two generators rated and are supplying power to
a 50 Hz finite system. If the system load increases by 180 MW, resulting
in a drop in frequency to 49.85 Hz, and the two generators should
increase their turbine powers in proportion to their ratings, determine the
respective
(i) generations of the two machines to accommodate the load increase.
(ii) regulation constants of the machines.
5). Using (don’t deduce) the appropriate equations, explain how
i. transmission capacity of a line can be increased
ii. losses in a line can be reduced
End of Section 2