Chapter 12 Heredity Variation and Inheritance

TEACHING
SCIENCE IN THE
ELEMENTARY
GRADES
ROVELYN B. ADAPTAR
RICHARD SAN ANDRESS
BEED 1A
HEREDITY,
INHERETANCE
AND VARIATION
TOPICS:
 Living things Reproduce
Life Cycle of Humans, Animals and Plants
Reproduction Among Flowering Plants
 Reproduction Among Non-Flowering Plants
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
ORGANISMS- refers to a living things that has an organized
structure, can create stimuli, reproduce, grow and adapt.
TRAITS- it refers to your physical characteristics, like your
hair color, eye color and skin color.
OFFSPRING- the young creation of living organism, produced
by a single organism or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two
organisms.
GENES- are the genetic factors that we inherit from our
parents.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
 INHERITANCE- is the passing on of genetic traits from
parents to their offspring, and these offspring get all the genetic
information from their parents.
 VARIATON- the differences between the individuals in a
species.
 REPRODUCITON- refers to the biological process by which a
new member (or members) of a species is created by the parents
(or parents).
DEFINITION OR TERMS:
 ZYGOTE- the chromosomes of the egg cell combine with the
chromosomes of the sperm cell to form a new cell.
 AMNION- is a membrane that sounds the developing organism,
it contains a clear fluid that cushions the growing organism.
 PLACENTA- is a structure through which materials are
exchanged between blood of the fetus and that of the mother.
 METAMORPHOSIS- the series of changes undergone in form
by animals from egg to adult.
Lesson 1:
LIVING THINGS
REPRODUCE
 Among animals, there are two major ways by which the young are
produced egg laying (oviparous) or young is given birth
(viviparous) by the female.
 We call the young or baby animals in many ways. Among
humans we use baby or child.
 Through reproduction, we get some genes from our parents that
are expressed as traits or characteristics that we can observe or
see.
Ex. When one parents has dimples, you might have it.
 Reproduction among plants could be sexual- involving male and
female parts of the flower to produce fruits and seeds.
 Seeds are the one planted that may grow to seedlings and
eventually become the mature plant. There are also plants that
reproduce by vegetative means involving roots, stem and leaves.
Lesson 2:
LIFE CYCLE
OF HUMANS,
ANIMALS AND PLANTS
A. LIFE CYCLE OF HUMANS: Stages of Human Growth
and development.
1. FERTILIZATION- union of egg and sperm cell. The process of
human development, begins with the process known as prenatal
development.
2. BIRTH THE RELEASE OF THE BABY FROM THE WOMB OR
UTERUS TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD.
 during the first stage of labor, contractions of the uterus push the baby
towards the cervix.
3. INFANCY OR BABYHOOD- is the stage from birth to 2 years of
age. This stage marks the rapid physical growth. Development occurs
in gross and fine motor, language, emotional and temperament.
4.EARLY AND LATER CHILDHOOD
 Early Childhood Stage- (2-6 years old). Develops the social and
emotional, language and communication, movement and physical,
and cognitive.
 Late Childhood Stage- happens from (6-12 years old). Physical
development is slow and steady in this stage.
5. ADOLESCENT- (13-18 years old). This stage is considered as
the transition stage between childhood and adulthood stage.
6. EARLY ADULTHOOD- (19-40 year old).

This stage of life generally consists of leaving home, completing
education, beginning fulltime work, etc.
7. MIDDLE AGE- (40 -65years old) Transition and physical
adjustment stage. Individual may experience decline in physical and
mental capabilities.
8. OLD AGE-(65 to death) . In this stage, an individual could
experience rapid physical and mental decline as well as
psychological and physical illness.
9. DEATH- the physical condition of the body, organs do not
anymore function to continue life.
B. LIFE CYCLES OF BUTTERFLY, MOSQUITO, AND FROG
1. METAMORPHOSIS IN MOSQUITOES- mosquitoes lay eggs

that hatch in water, become the larva commonly known as wrigglers.
Even with small amount of water, the larvae can grow. Eventually it
becomes a pupa with an outer covering or a cocoon. Inside the
cocoon, the larva reorganizes to produce the parts of an adult. The
adult then emerges from the pupal stage when the cocoon breaks.
Mosquitoes need water and lands as habitat to continue their life
cycle.
LIFE CYCLE OF MOSQUITO
2. METAMORPHOSIS IN BUTTERFLIES- the butterflies lay
eggs in the underside of lower surface of leaves of some plants that
are preferred food like calamansi and “gabi”. The caterpillar or larva
hatches from the eggs. It is wormlike and feeds voraciously on the
leaves as it grows in size. Sometimes these would eat almost all the
leaves of a plant. The next stage is pupa which is covered by a
cocoon. At this stage, the pupa does not move. Inside the cocoon,
the larva recognizes to produce parts of an adult. Then the cocoon
finally breaks releasing the adult butterfly. Many butterflies have
colorful wings that flutter at early morning from one flower to
another.
LIFE CYCLE OF BUTTERFLY
3. METAMORPHOSIS IN FROGS
On the other hand, the female frog lay jelly-coated eggs in water
which fertilized by sperms released by male adults frogs. Black
tadpoles hatch from the egg. The tadpoles fishlike and later
develop legs and external gills. After about three months, the gills
are replaced by lungs and the young frog emerges and moves to
land.
LIFE CYCLE OF FROG
C. LIFE CYCLE OF FLOWERiNG PLANT
The life cycle of a flowering plant starts when the adult plant
produces a flower. The flower has pistils that are involved in the
development of egg cells. The pollen grains are transferred from
the another of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil by insects and
other pollinating agents. Fertilization of an egg cell by the sperms
cells occurs in the ovule of the ovary. The ovules develop into
mature seeds and the ovary grows into a fruit. The seeds inside the
fruit can become a new plant.
LIFE CYCLE OF A BEAN PLANT
LESSON 3:
REPRODUCTION AMONG
FLOWERING PLANTS
A. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
The flower is the productive organ of a flowering plant. Some kind
of plant have the flowers that produce both male and female sex
cells. Other kinds have flowers that produce either male or female
sex cells.
1. Pollination can take place only between plants of the same kind.
(ex. When an insect, or a small bird visits a flower, that animal
transfers the male sex cells from one flower to another.) this transfer
is part of the process of sexual reproduction in the flower.
2. In fertilization, a male sex cell joins with a female sex cell to
produce a fertilized cell.
3. After fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds. The seed contains
the embryo. Ovules develop into mature seeds, while the ovary
develops into a fruit. A fruit is ripened ovary that contains one or
more mature seeds.
4. When conditions are proper for growth, seeds undergo

germination. Gemination is the growth of an embryo into a young
plant.
B. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION OR VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION IN PLANTS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCITON involves only one parent. Asexual

reproduction in seed plants is called VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION is the
development of new plant from a stem, root, or leaf of a parent plant.
In this process, there is no union of an egg cell and a sperm cell and
no seed forms.
1. USE OF CUTTINGS
A cutting is a plant part that has been removed from the parent plant
and used to grow a new plant. The plant part used is a cutting that is
often a stem with leaves attached. The cutting may be placed in
water, in soil, it will grow new stems and leaves.
2. USE OF GRAFTING
Grafting is a method in which cutting from one plant is attached to
the rooted plant, but it retains its own traits. Grafting is usually
done in trees to increase the amount of fruit a tree produces.
3. GROWN FROM CORMS, BULBS AND TUBERS
 a corms is thickened underground stem. “Gabi” is a plant that
forms corms.
 onions can be propagated from enlarged rounded bud called
bulbs.
tubersare enlarged food-storing underground stems that contain
many small buds called “eyes”
4. GROWN FROM LEAVES

New plants can also be grown whole leaves or part of leaves.
Usually, only the fleshy leaves, such as begonia and katabatic can
be grown from their leaves.
LESSON 4:
REPRODUCTION
IN
NON-FLOWERING PLANTS
Plants need to reproduce to maintain the existence of the species
on earth.
Flowering plants reproduce asexually and sexually as you have
already learned. Not all plants bear flowers.
MOSSES, FERNS and PINE TREES are groups of plants that
do not bear flower for reproduction.
Among MOSSES, the mature plant produces spores enclosed in
capsule and when mature the capsule breaks to release spores, a
kind of asexual reproduction. You can see this in places like flower
pots, brick walls, forest floors and river banks.
MOSSES then reproduce both sexually and asexually.
LIFE CYCLE OF MOSS
Among FERNS, the plants that you are those that produce spores on
the underside of the leaflets. When the spores are rejected from the
spore cases that hit moist places, these germinate and growth into
heart-shaped gametophytes that produce female and male sex cells.
FERNS are important in-home decoration, landscaping and for
floral arrangement.
LIFE CYCLE OF FERNS
Conifers, like PINE TREES, generally are found in places like
Baguio and cold countries. Pine trees are sources of lumber,
ornamental plants in parks and Christmas decors. The relative of
pine include the giant redwood tree (tallest and largest plant on
earth) and bristlecone pine (the oldest plants more than 5000 yrs.
old), cycads and ginkgo.
Pine trees are needle-like leaves and produce seeds in cones of mature
plants. There are smaller male and bigger female cones that contain the
reproductive cells. The seeds are naked or not enclosed by a fruit wall. When
the seeds are released by the female cones, these germinate in moist soil.
LIFE CYCLE OF PINE TREES
THANKYOU FOR
LISTENING!
REFERENCES:
 Bilbao, P. et. Al. (2019). Teaching Science in the Elementary
Grades. (Science-Module-4-6263)

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplant%2Fmoss-plant&psig=AOvVa
w0iMlQNgsLD549WmbGLuBDS&ust=1709430749464000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjhxq
FwoTCKjTuPn21YQDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ
 https://www.gardendesign.com/plants/ferns.html
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.depthhomeopathy.co.za%2F%3Fe%3Dwhat-gives-pine-t
rees-that-fresh-scent-%25E2%2580%25A2-vv-Q6V6n2HZ&psig=AOvVaw0dIV5ACnavVw0dwUcSWwjR&ust=170943235
6932000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjhxqFwoTCNi82pT91YQDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAR
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toppr.com%2Fask%2Fquestion%2Fstem-cuttings-are-co
mmonly-used-for-the-propagation-of%2F&psig=AOvVaw3QDkYbmjmGKGDJBWJyfwsj&ust=1709433461760000&sourc
e=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBUQjhxqFwoTCOCjn4eB1oQDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

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TEACHING

RICHARD SAN ANDRESS

6. EARLY ADULTHOOD- (19-40 year old).

1. METAMORPHOSIS IN MOSQUITOES- mosquitoes lay eggs

4. When conditions are proper for growth, seeds undergo

ASEXUAL REPRODUCITON involves only one parent. Asexual

4. GROWN FROM LEAVES

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