Microcontroller and Embedded Systems

(22AML135)

Module-5:Programming with Arduino

Dr. MANJUNATH G. ASUTI

B.E, M-Tech, Ph.D
Associate Professor
Dept. of ECE
BNM Institute of Technology, Bengaluru
Syllabus

Understanding the ecosystem of Arduino, Pinout configuration,

Digital input and output, Analog input and output, working with
sensors and actuators, Arduino serial communication,
Communication interfaces (SPI and I2C) communication.
Understanding the ecosystem of Arduino
Understanding the ecosystem of Arduino
Understanding the ecosystem of Arduino
Technical Specifications of Arduino
MCU ATmega328P

Architecture AVR

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage 6V – 20V (limit)

7V – 12V (recommended)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Flash Memory 32 KB (2 KB of this used by bootloader)

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Digital IO Pins 24 (of which 6 can produce PWM)

Analog Input Pins 6

Arduino Pinout configuration
Arduino Pinout configuration
Arduino Pinout configuration
Technical Specifications of Arduino
MCU ATmega328P

Architecture AVR

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage 6V – 20V (limit)

7V – 12V (recommended)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Flash Memory 32 KB (2 KB of this used by bootloader)

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Digital IO Pins 24 (of which 6 can produce PWM)

Analog Input Pins 6

Understanding the ecosystem of Arduino
Understanding the ecosystem of Arduino
Digital input and output of Arduino

Digital output
Digital input and output of Arduino
By default, all Arduino pins are set to inputs. If you want to make
a pin an output, you need to first tell the Arduino how the pin
should be configured.

In the Arduino programming language, the program requires two

parts:
setup() and the loop().
pinMode() command to set the direction
digitalWrite() to make the output high (5V).
Digital input and output of Arduino
Turning on an LED—led.ino
const int LED=9; //define LED for pin 9
void setup()
{
pinMode (LED, OUTPUT); //Set the LED pin as an output
digitalWrite(LED, HIGH); //Set the LED pin high
}
void loop()
{
//we are not doing anything in the loop!
}
Digital input and output of Arduino

Digital Input
pushbutton and a pulldown resistor
connected to a digital input pin.
Digital input and output of Arduino
const int LED=9; //The LED is connected to pin 9
const int BUTTON=2; //The Button is connected to pin 2
void setup()
{
pinMode (LED, OUTPUT); //Set the LED pin as an output
pinMode (BUTTON, INPUT); //Set button as input (not required)
}
void loop()
{
if (digitalRead(BUTTON) == LOW)
{
digitalWrite(LED, LOW);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);
}
}
Analog input and output of Arduino

Analog and
Digital signals
Converting Analog signal to Digital signal
Atmega328p internal block diagram
Reading Analog Sensors with the
Arduino:analogRead()

Reading a Potentiometer
Reading Analog Sensors with the
Arduino:analogRead()
//Potentiometer Reading Program
const int POT=0; //Pot on analog pin 0
int val = 0; //variable to hold the analog reading from the POT
void setup()
{ Serial Monitor output
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
val = analogRead(POT);
Serial.println(val);
delay(500);
}
Using Analog Sensors
Although potentiometers generate an analog voltage value on a pin, they aren’t really
sensors in the traditional sense. They “sense” your turning of the dial, but that gets boring
pretty quickly. The good news is that all kinds of sensors generate analog output values
corresponding to “real-world” action.

Examples of such include the following:

■Accelerometers that detect tilting (many smartphones and tablets now have these).
■Magnetometers that detect magnetic fields (for making digital compasses).
■ Infrared sensors that detect distance to an object.
■Temperature sensors that can tell you about the operating environment of your project.
Triple Axis Analog Accelerometer
Triple axis accelerometers are great for detecting orientation. Analog
accelerometers output an analog value corresponding to each axis of
movement: X, Y, and Z (each on a different pin).

Dual Axis Analog Gyroscope

Gyroscopes, unlike accelerometers, are not affected by gravity. Their analog
output voltages fluctuate in accordance with angular acceleration around an
axis.
Working with Analog Sensors to Sense Temperature

Temperature circuit
Working with Analog Sensors to Sense Temperature
//Temperature Alert!
const int BLED=9; //Blue LED on pin 9
const int GLED=10; //Green LED on pin 10
const int RLED=11; //Red LED on pin 11
const int TEMP=0; //Temp Sensor is on pin A0
const int LOWER_BOUND=139; //Lower Threshold
const int UPPER_BOUND=147; //Upper Threshold
int val = 0; //Variable to hold analog reading

void setup()
{
pinMode (BLED, OUTPUT); //Set Blue LED as Output
pinMode (GLED, OUTPUT); //Set Green LED as Output
pinMode (RLED, OUTPUT); //Set Red LED as Output
}
Working with Analog Sensors to Sense Temperature

void loop()
{ else
val = analogRead(TEMP); {
if (val < LOWER_BOUND) digitalWrite(RLED, LOW);
{ digitalWrite(GLED, HIGH);
digitalWrite(RLED, LOW); digitalWrite(BLED, LOW);
digitalWrite(GLED, LOW); }
digitalWrite(BLED, HIGH); }
}
else if (val > UPPER_BOUND)
{
digitalWrite(RLED, HIGH);
digitalWrite(GLED, LOW);
digitalWrite(BLED, LOW);
}
Working with Analog Sensors to Sense Temperature
Arduino serial communication interface-I2C Bus
I2C is unique in that multiple devices all share the same communication lines: a clock signal (SCL) and a bidirectional
data line used for sending information back and forth between the master and the slaves (SDA).
I2C Hardware Design
Communication Scheme and ID Numbers

The I2C bus allows multiple slave devices to share communication lines with a
single master device. In this chapter, the Arduino acts as the master device.
The bus master is responsible for initiating all communications.

Slave devices cannot initiate communications; they can only respond to

requests that are sent by the master device. Because multiple slave devices
share the same communication lines, it’s very important that only the master
device can initiate communication.
I2C Hardware Design
All commands and requests sent from the master are received by all devices on
the bus.
Each I2C slave device has a unique 7-bit address, or ID number. When
communication is initiated by the master device, a device ID is transmitted.
I2Cslave devices react to data on the bus only when it is directed at their ID
number.
Because all the devices are receiving all the messages, each device on the I2C
bus must have a unique address.
I2C Hardware Design
Temperature sensors, for example, are commonly available with various preprogrammed I2C addresses because it is
common to want more than one on a single I2C bus.
TC74 temperature sensor
I2C Hardware Design
Other I2C chips, such as the AD7414 and AD7415
Communicating with an I2C Temperature Probe

The basic steps for controlling any I2C device are as follows:

1. Master sends a start bit.

2. Master sends 7-bit slave address of device it wants to talk to.
3. Master sends read (1) or write (0) bit depending on whether it wants to write data into an
I2C device’s register or if it wants to read from one of the I2C device’s registers.
4. Slave responds with an “acknowledge” or ACK bit (a logic low).
5. In write mode, master sends 1 byte of information at a time, and slave responds with
ACKs. In read mode, master receives 1 of byte information at a time and sends an ACK to
the slave after each byte.
6. When communication has been completed, the master sends a stop bit.
Communicating with an I2C Temperature Probe

SDA and SCL pins are wired to pins

A4 and A5
Communicating with an I2C Temperature Probe
{
//Reads Temp from I2C temperature sensor //Send a request
//and prints it on the serial port //Start talking to the device at the specified
//Include Wire I2C library address
#include <Wire.h> Wire.beginTransmission(temp_address);
int temp_address = 72; //1001000 written as decimal //Send a bit asking for register zero, the data
number register
void setup() Wire.write(0);
{ //Complete Transmission
//Start serial communication at 9600 baud Wire.endTransmission();
Serial.begin(9600);
//Create a Wire object //Read the temperature from the device
Wire.begin(); //Request 1 Byte from the specified address
} Wire.requestFrom(temp_address, 1);
//Wait for response
Void loop() while(Wire.available() == 0);
//Get the temp and read it into a variable
int c = Wire.read();
Communicating with an I2C Temperature Probe

//Do some math to convert the Celsius to Fahrenheit

int f = round(c*9.0/5.0 +32.0);
//Send the temperature in degrees C and F to the serial
monitor
Serial.print(c);
Serial.print("C ");
Serial.print(f);
Serial.println("F");
delay(500);
}
Arduino serial communication interface-SPI Bus
Originally created by Motorola, the SPI bus is a full-duplex serial communication standard that enables simultaneous
bidirectional communication between a master device and one or more slave devices.
Arduino serial communication interface-SPI Bus
The basic steps for controlling any SPI device are as follows:

1. Set the SS pin low for the device you want to communicate with.
2. Toggle the clock line up and down at a speed less than or equal to the
transmission speed supported by the slave device.
3. For each clock cycle, send 1 bit on the MOSI line, and receive 1 bit on the
MISO line.
4. Continue until transmitting or receiving is complete, and stop toggling
the clock line.
5. Return the SS pin to high state.
Module-5 (Lab Programs-Refer Lab Manual)

The following programs need to be prepared for Semester End Assessment.

1.Interface a DHT11 sensor with Arduino Uno.

2.Interface GPS module with Arduino Uno.

3.Interface GSM module with Arduino Uno.

4.Interface LCD module with Arduino Uno.