Strain Gauges Ppt1
Strain Gauges Ppt1
Strain Gauges Ppt1
Overview of Topics
• What is Strain?
• What is Strain Gauge?
• Operation of Strain Gauge
• Grid Patterns
• Strain Gauge Installation
• Wheatstone bridge
• Instrumentation Amplifier
• Embedded system and Strain Gauge
• Strain Measurement System
• Applications of a Strain Gauge
What is Strain ?
• Strain is the amount of deformation of a body due to an applied force.
More specifically, strain (e) is defined as the fractional change in length.
•
Insulated backing
Solder Tags -
for
attachment of
wires.
Y
Gauge, wire / foil approx. 0.025 mm thick
• The gauge shown here is primarily sensitive to strain in the X X
direction, as the majority of the wire length is parallel to the X axis.
Strain Gauge
• The name "bonded gauge" is given to strain gauges that are glued to
a larger structure under stress (called the test specimen).
Gage Length
• Gage length is an
important consideration
in strain gage selection
• The gage length is the
dimension of the active
grid as measured inside
the grid end loops.
• The gage length (GGG )
ranges from 0.008 in (0.2
mm) to 4 in (100 mm).
Strain Gauge Operation
• Uniaxial Gage with a single grid for measuring strain in the grid direction .
• Biaxial Rosettes Gage with two perpendicular grids used to
determine principal strains when their directions are known.
• Three-Element Rosettes Gage with three independent grids in three
directions for ascertaining the principal strains and their directions.
• Shear Patterns Gage having two chevron grids used in half-bridge circuits for
direct indication of shear strains (difference in normal strains) .
Strain Gauge Installation
• The Strain Gauge is bonded to the specimen under test, only after
the following:
• cleaning the surface using a degreaser
• cleaning it again with a conditioner solution (mild acid that accelerates the
cleaning process)
• neutralizing by applying a base (neutralizes any chemical reaction introduced
by the Conditioner)
• finally bonding it with a super glue.
• The Strain Gauge has 2 leads which exhibit variation in resistance
when strain is applied.
The bonded metallic strain gauge
• The sensor, however, can occupy one, two, or four arms of the
bridge, depending on the application.
• The total strain, or output voltage of the circuit (Vout) is equivalent to
the difference between the voltage drop across R1 and R4, or Rg.
• It is given by Vout = Vcd – Vcb
Wheatstone Bridge Working
• The bridge is considered balanced when R1/R2 = Rg/R3
and, therefore, VOUT equals zero.
• Any small change in the resistance of the sensing grid will
throw the bridge out of balance, making it suitable for the
detection of strain.
• A small change in Rg will result in an output voltage from
the bridge.
• If the gage factor is GF, the strain measurement is related
to the change in Rg as follows:
Problem - Low Level Output
-
2 10K
-Vcc
+Vcc
500 ohms
-
2 6
Vout
+
3
-Vcc
+Vcc
10K
10K 10K
-
2 6
+V2 +
3
-Vcc
Instrumentation
Amplifier
Features of Instrumentation Amplifier
Consists Of:
Test Specimen-piece of metal
Strain gauge-placement of the
Strain Gauge on the specimen is
very crucial for precise
measurement of the strain
Wheatstone bridge
Instrumentation Amplifier
Microcontroller M16C/62P
•
Software execution
The software performs the following calculation on the digital value:-
• The value read in is converted into digital and is available in one of the
registers of the microcontroller. The ADC resolution is selected as 10 bit.
The step size thus becomes 48.8 mV.
• Multiply it by 48.8 mV to get the actual analog voltage
• Divide the analog voltage by 24(gain of the amplifier).
• Vo / Vex = (Gauge Factor * E )/2 where E is the strain in micro strain.
• E = (Vo *2 / Gauge Factor * Vex )
• = Vo / ((1.03)*(4V)) [Gauge Factor = 2.06] [Vex = 4volts]
• = Vo / 4.12 [Vo is the output of the Bridge]
• Divide the value by 4.120
• This gives the value of the strain.
• Value of the strain displayed on the LCD is refreshed every 1 second.
Readings
• Results:
• Under no strain condition:
• Vout = 2.20volts (output of the instrumentation amplifier)
• E = 0.91 micro strain.
• Bend the test specimen both ends downwards (Elongation effect on the
Gauge)
• Vout = 2.28volts (output of the instrumentation amplifier)
• E = 0.94 micro strain.
• Bend the test specimen both ends upwards (Compression effect on the
Gauge)
• Vout = 2.16volts (output of the instrumentation amplifier)
• E = 0.89 micro strain.
Features Of Strain Measurement
System
• This system is very compatible and is cost effective.
• The microcontroller used has many other features like UART
interface which can be utilized to transfer the strain readings to a PC.
• Upcoming Project:
- A multi strain measurement system (SMS)
- Making SMS wireless
Block Diagram Of Strain Gauge Array
Measurement System
Instrumentation
1. Sensor Bridge
Amplifier
Instrumentation
Sensor Bridge
2.. Amplifier
v v
Haccom HAC
Analog multiplexer Renasas M16/C UM96
3.. Instrumentation Radio
Sensor Bridge
v v
Amplifier
0
0
0
8. Instrumentation
Sensor Bridge
Amplifier
v
Haccom HAC UM96
Radio
Renasas M16/C PC
Ultra Low Power Data Radio Module
• http://zone.ni.com/
• http://www.omega.com/
• http://www.vishay.com/
• http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/
• http://www.strain-gauges.com/