Tutorial Lecture UNIT 1

THERMODYNAMICS II
(ME 365)
TUTORIAL LECTURE
UNIT 1
Lead Facilitator
Prof. F. K. Forson
OUTLINE
 HIGHLIGHTS ON THE 1ST LAW
 TUTORIAL PROBLEMS ON 1ST LAW
 HIGHLIGHTS ON THE 2ND LAW
 TUTORIAL PROBLEMS ON 2ND LAW
Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT 2

HIGHLIGHT
HIGHLIGHTS ON THE 1ST LAW
1. Internal energy is the heat energy in a gas.
The internal energy of a perfect gas is function of
temperature only.
2. First Law of thermodynamics states :

– Heat and work are mutually convertible but since energy can
neither be created nor destroyed, the total energy associated
with an energy conversion remains constant.
OR
– No machine can produce energy without corresponding
expenditure of energy, i.e. it impossible construct a perpetual
motion machine of the first kind.
Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 3
HIGHLIGHTS
First law can be expressed as follows:
Q  W  E (+sign used when European sign convention with work input
regarded as positive and – sign used when American sign convention is
adapted with work input regarded as negative)
Q  W  U
(if changes in electric, magnetic, chemical energies are absent
and changes in potential and kinetic energies are neglected)
3. There can be no machine which would continuously supply

mechanical work without some form of energy disappearing
somewhere. Such a fictitious machine is called perpetual motion
machine of the first kind, in brief PMM1. A PMM1 is thus
impossible.
4. The energy of an isolated system remains constant.

HIGHLIGHTS
5. In case of
(i) Reversible constant volume process or Iso-volumetric process (v=constant)
u  cv T2  T1  ;W  0; Q  cv T2  T1 
(ii) Reversible constant pressure process (isobaric process)(p= constant)
u  c p T2  T1  ;W   p (v2  v1 ); Q  c p (T2  T1 ) h = u +pv
(iii) Reversible constant temperature or Isothermal process
 V2 
u  0; Q  W ;W   PV
1 1 ln  
 V1 
1 =initial state, 2= final state

(iv)Reversible adiabatic process (isentropic process) pv γ
=constant 
 1 /   1
 T  T1  T2 P  v 
Q  0 ;W mR  2  ;W  U ;  2   1 
  1  T1  P1   v2 

(v) Reversible polytropic process pv n =constant 
 1 /   1
 T  T1  T2 P  v 
Q  W  U ;W mR  2  ; W  U ;  2   1 
 n 1  T1  P1   v2 
 n  
U  mcv T2  T1  ; Q   W
 n 1 
HIGHLIGHTS
6. Steady flow equation can be expressed as
c12 c2 2
Q  W  u1   gz1  p1v1  u2   gz 2  p2v2
2 2
c12 c2 2
Q  W  h1   gz1  h2   gz 2
2 2
Q= heat supplied per kg of fluid W = work done by 1kg of fluid u= internal energy per kg of fluid
h= enthalpy per kg of fluid z= elevation above datum g= acceleration due to gravity
p= pressure of the fluid C= velocity of the fluid pv = energy required per kg of fluid
The equation is applicable in any medium in any steady flow
7. During an adiabatic throttling process, enthalpy remains constant

TUTORIAL
TUTORIAL PROBLEMS ON THE 1ST LAW
1. A thin walled and well-insulated
cylinder device, as shown in Figure Q1,
contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at a
constant pressure of 175 kPa. Water is
stirred by a paddle wheel while a current
of 8 A flows through it for 45 min through
a resistor placed in the water. If one-half
of the liquid is evaporated during this
constant pressure process and the
paddle-wheel work amounts to 400 kJ,
determine the voltage of the source, in
Volts. Also, show the process on a P-v
diagram with respect to saturation lines.
TUTORIAL
QUESTION 1 CLOSED SYSTEM CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS
Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are
zero. 2 The cylinder is well-insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible. 3 The thermal energy
stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The compression or expansion process is quasi-
equilibrium.
Analysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass
enters or leaves. The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as
Since ΔU + Wb = ΔH during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process. From steam tables,

the properties of water are;
TUTORIAL

TUTORIAL
2. Consider a 1000-W iron as shown in
figure Q2, whose base plate is made of
0.5-cm-thick aluminum alloy 2024-T6 (ρ =
2770 kg/m3 and Cp = 875 J/kg · °C), as
shown in Figure Q2. The base plate has a
surface area of 0.03 m2. Initially, the iron
is in thermal equilibrium with the
ambient air at 22 °C. Assuming 85 percent
of the heat generated in the resistance
wires is transferred
Figure Q1 to the plate; Figure Q2
determine the minimum time, in seconds,
needed for the plate temperature to
reach 140 °C.
TUTORIAL
QUESTION 2 CLOSED SYSTEM WITH HEAT TRANSFER IN AND NO HEAT LOSS
Assumptions 1 It is given that 85 percent of the heat generated in the resistance wires is transferred
to the plate. 2 The thermal properties of the plate are constant. 3 Heat loss from the plate during
heating is disregarded since the minimum heating time is to be determined. 4 There are no changes
in kinetic and potential energies. 5 The plate is at a uniform temperature at the end of the process.
Properties: The density and specific heat of the aluminum alloy plate are given to be
ρ = 2770 kg/m3 and Cp = 875 kJ/kg.°C.
Analysis The mass of the iron's base plate is
Noting that only 85 percent of the heat generated is transferred to the plate, the rate of heat transfer
to the iron's base plate is
We take plate to be the system. The energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as
Which is the time required for the plate temperature to reach the specified temperature.
TUTORIAL
3. A hand-held domestic hair-dryer, such as the
one shown in Figure Q4, is basically a duct in
which a few layers of electric resistors are
placed. A small fan pulls the air in and forces it
through the resistors where it is heated. Air (R
= 0.287 kJ/kg K; Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K) enters a
1200-W hair dryer at 100 kPa and 22 °C and
leaves at 47 °C. The cross-sectional area of the
hair dryer at the exit is 60 cm2. Neglecting the
power consumed by the fan and the heat losses
through the walls of the hair dryer, determine
(a)The volume flow rate of air at the inlet to the
dryer, in m3/s, and
(b) the velocity of the air at the exit of the dryer, in
m/s.

TUTORIAL
QUESTION 3 OPEN SYSTEM WITH IDEAL GAS (AIR) AS THE SYSTEM
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Air is an ideal
gas with constant specific heats at room temperature. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 4 The power consumed by the fan and the heat losses are negligible.
Properties The gas constant of air is 0.287 kJ/kg.K. The constant pressure specific heat of air at
room temperature is Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K
Analysis We take the hair dryer as the system, which is a control volume (open system) since mass
crosses the boundary. There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m  1  m
 2  m
 . The energy
balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
Substituting, the mass and volume flow rates of air are determined to be
 1  m
(b) The exit velocity of air is determined from the mass balance m  2  m
 to be

TUTORIAL
4. The schematic of a turbocharger of an internal combustion engine, as depicted in Figure Q5,
consists of a turbine and a compressor. Hot exhaust gases flow through the turbine to produce work
and the work output from the turbine is used as the work input to the compressor. The pressure of
ambient air is increased as it flows through the compressor before it enters the engine cylinders.
Thus, the purpose of a turbocharger is to increase the pressure of air so that more air gets into the
cylinder. Consequently, more fuel can be burned and more power can be produced by the engine.
In a turbocharger, exhaust gases enter the turbine at 400 °C and 120 kPa at a rate of 0.02 kg/s and
leave at 350 °C. Air enters the compressor at 50 °C and 100 kPa and leaves at 130 kPa at a rate of
0.018 kg/s. The compressor increases the air pressure with a side effect: It also increases the air
temperature, which increases the possibility of a gasoline engine to experience an engine knock.
To avoid this, an after-cooler is placed after the compressor to cool the warm air by cold ambient
air before it enters the engine cylinders. It is estimated that the after-cooler must decrease the air
temperature below 80 °C if knock is to be avoided. The cold ambient air enters the after-cooler at
30 °C and leaves at 40 °C. Disregarding any frictional losses in the turbine and the compressor and
treating the exhaust gases as air, determine (a) the temperature of the air at the compressor outlet,
o
C, and (b) the minimum volume flow rate of ambient air required to avoid knock, in m3/s.
You may assume the following values:
C p air  1.005 kJ/(kg air K) C p exhaustgas  1.0063 kJ/(kg K; C p warm air  1.008kJ/kg K)
Suggested Answers: 3/s

Saturday, May 4, 2024(a) 108.6 °C and (b) TUTORIAL
0.0449 mLECTURE UNIT ONE 14
TUTORIAL

TUTORIAL
QUESTION 4 OPEN SYSTEM (AIR AS THE SYSTEM)
Assumptions 1 All processes are steady since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air properties are used for exhaust gases. 4 Air is an ideal gas
with constant specific heats. 5 The mechanical efficiency between the turbine and the compressor
is 100%. 6 All devices are adiabatic. 7 The local atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.
Properties The constant pressure specific heats of exhaust gases, warm air, and cold ambient air
are taken to be Cp = 1.063, 1.008, and 1.005 kJ/kg.K, respectively
Analysis (a) An energy balance on turbine (an open system) gives
This is also the power input to the compressor since the mechanical efficiency between the turbine
and the compressor is assumed to be 100%. An energy balance on the compressor gives the air
temperature at the compressor outlet
(b) An energy balance on the after cooler gives the mass flow rate of cold ambient air
The volume flow rate may be determined if we first calculate specific volume of cold ambient air
at the inlet of after cooler. That is,

HIGHLIGHTS
HIGHLIGHTS ON THE 2ND LAW
1. CLAUSIUS STATEMENT
‘‘It is impossible for a self-acting machine working in a cyclic process, unaided by
external agency, to convey heat from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a
higher temperature’’
Kelvin-Planck statement:
‘‘It is impossible to construct an engine, which while operating in a cycle produces
no other effect except to extract heat from a single- reservoir and do an equivalent
amount of work’’
Although the above statements of the second law of thermodynamics
appear to be different, they are really equivalent in the sense that
violation of either statement implies violation of the other.
2. PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINE OF THE SECOND

KIND (PMM2) is that imaginary machine which would continuously
absorb heat from a single thermal reservoir and convert this heat
completely into work. The efficiency of such a machine would be 100%.
HIGHLIGHTS
3. CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY is given by
When a system performs a reversible cycle
When the cycle is irreversible,
4. ENTROPY is a function of a quantity of heat which shows the possibility of conversion of

heat into work. The increase in entropy is small when heat is added at a high temperature and
is greater when heat addition is made at lower temperature. Thus for maximum entropy, there
is a minimum availability for conversion into work and for minimum entropy there is maximum
availability for conversion into work.

HIGHLIGHTS
5. ENTROPY CHANGES FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM PER UNIT MASS OF
THE SYSTEM for various processes
(i) General case
 T2   v2 
(a) s2  s1  cv ln    R ln   (in terms of T and v)
T
 1 v
 1
 P2   v2 
(b) s2  s1  cv ln    c p ln   (in terms of P and v)
 P1  v
 1
 T2   P2 
(c) s2  s1  c p ln    R ln   )in terms of T and P)
 T1  P
 1
(ii) Constant volume process: (iii) Constant pressure process
T  T 
s2  s1  cv ln  2  s2  s1  c p ln  2 
 T1   T1 
(iv) Isothermal process: (v) Adiabatic process
v 
s2  s1  R ln  2  s2  s1  0
 v1 

HIGHLIGHTS
(vi) Polytropic process:
 n     T2 
s2  s1  cv   ln  
 n  1   T1 
6. ENTROPY CHANGE FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM
 dQ 
dS      si .dmi   so .dmo
T
 o  i 0
Where, To = temperature of the surroundings
Subscripts i and o refer to inlet and outlet conditions

TUTORIAL
TUTORIAL PROBLEMS ON THE 2ND LAW
1. 1 m3 of air is heated reversibly at
constant pressure from 15 to 300 oC, and
is then cooled reversibly at constant
volume back to the initial temperature.
The initial pressure is 1.03 bar. Calculate
the net heat flow and the overall change
of entropy, and sketch the processes on
a T – s diagram.
TUTORIAL
T
P = constant
v = constant
1 3
s
Process 1-2 (constant pressure)
PV 1.03  10 2  1
m   1.25 kg
RT 0.287  288
Q12  mc p T2  T1   1.25  1.005  573  288 
 358 kJ
 T2   573 
ΔS  m c p ln 
T 
  1.25  1.005  ln  288   0.864 kJ/K
 1   
Process 2-3 (constant volume)

Q 23  mc v T3  T2   1.25  0.718  288  573  256kJ
 T3   288 
ΔS  mc v ln 
T 
  1.25  0.718  ln  573   0.617 kJ/K
 2   
Net heat flow

Q net  Q12  Q 23  358  256  102 kJ
Net entropy change

ΔSnet  ΔS 12  ΔS 23
 0.864  0.617  0.247 kJ/K

TUTORIAL
2. A system of 100 kg mass undergoes a process in
which the specific entropy increases from 0.3
kJ/(kg.K) to 0.4 kJ/(kg. K). At the same time, the
entropy of the surroundings of the system
decreases from 80 kJ/K to 75 kJ/K. This process is:
(a) reversible (b) irreversible (c)reversible and
adiabatic (d) impossible
Hint: Determine the total change in entropy of the
system and use the answer to select the correct
option
TUTORIAL
The total entropy of universe never decreases during a process undergone by a system. That is
Stotal  0
∆Stotal = ∆Ssystem + ∆Ssurroundings
∆Ssystem= m∆ssystem= m(sf-si) = 100 kgx(0.4 – 0.3)kJ/K = 10 kJ/K
∆Ssurroundings= (75 -80) kJ/K = -5 kJ/K
∆Stotal = +10 kJ/K -5 kJ/K = +5 kJ/K > 0→the process undergone by the system is irreversible

TUTORIAL
3. Air is flowing through a well-lagged duct. At
section A, the pressure and temperature are 1.5
bar and 187 0C, respectively, and at some
distance along the duct at a section B, the
pressure and temperature are 1.3 bar and 160 0
C. In what direction is the air flowing.
Hint: the total change in entropy of the system
must be increasing in the direction of flow of
the air since there are irreversibility’s involved.

TUTORIAL
Cp, air = 1.005 kJ/kg K; Rair= 0.287 kJ/kg K
At section A of the thermally insulated duct, PA =150 kN/m2, TA = 187 +273.15 = 460.15 K
At section B of the thermally insulated duct, PB =130 kN/m2, TB = 160 +273.15 = 433.15 K
The entropy change of the system for flow of air from i to f is given by ∆Ssystem= Sf - Si
For flow in a thermally insulated duct the change in entropy of the system must increase in the
direction of flow to satisfy the entropy of the universe principle.
If the flow of the air is from section A to section B then the entropy change for flow in that
direction is given by
∆SAB = cp, airln(TB/TA) - Rln (PB/PA) = 1.005ln(433.15/460.15) -0.287ln(130/150)
= -0.061 +0.041 kJ/K= - 0.02 kJ/K< 0 kJ/K
If the flow of air is from B to A then
∆SBA = cp, airln(TA/TB) - Rln (PA/PB) = 1.005ln(460.15/433.15) -0.287ln(150/130)
= +0.061 - 0.041 kJ/K= + 0.02 kJ/K> 0 kJ/K
∆SBA> 0 is the desired flow direction. Hence the flow of the air is from B to A
TUTORIAL
4. 300 kJ/s of heat is supplied at a constant
temperature of 200 0C to a heat engine. The
heat rejection takes place at 8.5 0C. The
following results were obtained:
(i) 215 kJ/s are rejected
(ii) 150 kJ/s are rejected
(iii) 75 kJ/s are rejected
Classify which of the results report a reversible
cycle or irreversible cycle or impossible results.
TUTORIAL
Heat supplied to the heat engine at (290+273.15) K = +300 kJ/s
Heat is rejected at (8.5 +273.15) K
Applying the Clausius inequality to the cycle or process, we have:
(i) ∑(dQ/T) = +300/563.15 + (-215/282.65) = 0.5328 – 0.7637 = -0.2309<0

Therefore the cycle is irreversible
(ii) ∑(dQ/T) = +300/563.15 + (-150/282.65) = 0.5328 – 0.5328 = 0

Therefore the cycle is reversible
(iii) ∑(dQ/T) = +300/563.15 + (-75/282.65) = 0.5328 – 0.2664 = +0.2664>0

Therefore the cycle is impossible by the Clausius inequality.
TUTORIAL ENDS
THANK YOU
LUKE 19:13

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THERMODYNAMICS II

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT 2

2. First Law of thermodynamics states :

3. There can be no machine which would continuously supply

4. The energy of an isolated system remains constant.

(i) Reversible constant volume process or Iso-volumetric process (v=constant)

(ii) Reversible constant pressure process (isobaric process)(p= constant)

u  c p T2  T1  ;W   p (v2  v1 ); Q  c p (T2  T1 ) h = u +pv

(iii) Reversible constant temperature or Isothermal process

1 =initial state, 2= final state

h= enthalpy per kg of fluid z= elevation above datum g= acceleration due to gravity

The equation is applicable in any medium in any steady flow

7. During an adiabatic throttling process, enthalpy remains constant

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 6

Since ΔU + Wb = ΔH during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process. From steam tables,

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 9

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 12

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 13

Suggested Answers: 3/s

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 15

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 16

2. PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINE OF THE SECOND

When a system performs a reversible cycle

When the cycle is irreversible,

4. ENTROPY is a function of a quantity of heat which shows the possibility of conversion of

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 18

(i) General case

(ii) Constant volume process: (iii) Constant pressure process

(iv) Isothermal process: (v) Adiabatic process

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 19

6. ENTROPY CHANGE FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM

Where, To = temperature of the surroundings

Subscripts i and o refer to inlet and outlet conditions

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 20

Process 2-3 (constant volume)

Net heat flow

Net entropy change

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 22

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 24

Saturday, May 4, 2024 TUTORIAL LECTURE UNIT ONE 25

(i) ∑(dQ/T) = +300/563.15 + (-215/282.65) = 0.5328 – 0.7637 = -0.2309<0

(ii) ∑(dQ/T) = +300/563.15 + (-150/282.65) = 0.5328 – 0.5328 = 0

(iii) ∑(dQ/T) = +300/563.15 + (-75/282.65) = 0.5328 – 0.2664 = +0.2664>0

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