Contour Trenches NEW
Contour Trenches NEW
Contour Trenches NEW
&
BOULDER DAM
Presented by:
[email protected]
Contour Trenches
(lykax [karh)
• At its simplest, contour trench construction is an extension of the
practice of plowing fields at a right angle to the slope. Contour trenches
are ditches dug along a hillside in such a way that they follow a contour
and run perpendicular to the flow of water. The soil excavated from the
ditch is used to form a berm (a narrow shelf) on the downhill edge of the
ditch. The berm can be planted with permanent vegetation (native
grasses, legumes) to stabilize the soil and for the roots and foliage in
order to trap any sediment that would overflow from the trench in heavy
rainfall events.
• Contour trenches are not irrigation channels, rather they are used to
slow down and attract runoff water, which then infiltrates into the soil.
Small scale contour trenches can also be used within field level. The
water that infiltrates can be used as soil moisture for crops cultivated
after a rainfall event, directly for pumped irrigation, or extracted from
shallow wells in the area.
Suitable Conditions
• Locate trenches in natural runoff areas, but not on slopes over
10%.
• Soil in vicinity needs to have sufficient infiltration capacity and
potential sub-surface storage capacity.
• In areas which have very heavy storms it may be dangerous to
prevent the water completely from flowing down a slope.
Build waterways or drains at a slight angle (1⁄2 degree - 1
degree) so that excess water is safely channeled away.
Advantages
• Facilitates recharge into surrounding ground which in turn
improves soil moisture
• Improves agricultural productivity and grazing potential as
well as increases water for livestock and therefore mitigates
against drought
• Reduces soil erosion
• Can assist recharge of shallow wells
• Can reduce salinity in groundwater
• Prevents pollutants from draining into water bodies
• Gully plugs: no trench design required, just uses existing
gully drainage pattern
Disadvantages
• Recharge of groundwater is not certain according to local sub-
surface conditions (geological layers blocking infiltration)
• Trenches silt up and will need maintenance
• Lack of understanding by landowners about advantages of
contour trenches; difficult to convince them during the first
year to give their land for trench construction
• Can increase land fragmentation
• Costly and in-depth analysis of hydrology/runoff gullies
• Recharge capacity/permeability information is needed, which
is difficult to get if no in-depth rainfall data is available
• Expensive cost of implementation where mechanical
excavating machinery is used
daVwj [karh ¼VªsUp½
dgka cuk;s \
• ewyr% fjpkftZx tksu Åijh ifj{ks=] mPp <ky okys
{ks=
dSls cuk;s \
• igkM+ks ds <ky ij <ky ds yEcr~ fn’k esa lrg dks
[kksndj drkj ds #i esa cukbZ tkrh gSA bUgs lac) ;k
drkj c) ;k yxkrkj daVwj [karh dgk tkrk gSA
• tc [karh;k [kaMhr drkjks esa gksrh gS ;kuh ,d [ksrh
nwljh lkekukarj [ksrh ds drkj esa ;k lh/k esa u
gksdj ,d nwljs ls vyx jgrh gSA rc mls vlEC) ;k
[kaMhr [karh;ka dgrs gSA
mi;ksx
• cjlkr ds cgrs ikuh ls igkM+h ds <+ky ;k
eSnkuh {ks= esa gksus okys feV~Vh dVko
dks jksduk
• igkM+h ls cgrs ikuh dh xfr esa vojks/k
mRiUUk rkfd unh ukyks esa ;g ikuh
/khjs&/khjs igqWps rFkk vpkud ck<+ vkuk
tSlh fLFkfr ls crk tk ldsA
• cjlkr dk ikuh [kafr;ks esa bdV~Bk dj Hkwfe ds
vUnj fjlus ls Hkwty Lrj esa o`f) gksxhA
[kksndj fudkyh feV~Vh dk D;k djas\
• [karh [kksnrs le; fudyus okyh feV~Vh dks
[ksrh ds Åijh fn’kk esaa u Mkyrs gq;s mls <ky
okyh ;kuh fupyh txg ij [ksrh ls 50 ls-eh- dh
nwjh ij ,sls Mkys ftlls og ,d caf/k;k dk #i ys
ysA bl ij ?kkl ;k vU; ouLifr ds cht Mkydj
ikS/jksi,k fd;k tk ldrk gSA iRFkj miyC/k gksus
dh fLFkfr esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
[karh dk vkdkj D;k gks\
• igkMh ds <ky ij [karh dk vkdkj fuHkZj djrk
gS bUgs U ;k V vkdkj esa cuk;k tk ldrk gS
budh yackbZ] pkSMkbZ] xgjkbZ rFkk ,d
nwljs ls nwjh ckcr LFkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ks dks
n`f"Vxr fu.kZ; fy;k tk ldrk gSA ekSVs rkSj ij
24 ?kaVs esa vf/kdre fdruh o"kkZ gksrh gS
rFkk igkM+h dk {ks=Qy D;k gS ;g irk dj
oSKkfud rjhds ls bldk fu;kstu Hkh laHko gSA
Trench Dimensions
ofVZdy baVoZy
V.I = 0.305 (X.5+Y)
V.I. ehVj esa (in meters)
S <ky] izfr’kr esa (slope in %)
X o"kkZ xq.kkad (rainfall foctor)
Y e`nk ds izdkj o vkPNknu dk xq.kkad
(soil type and canary factor)
o"kkZ dk xq.kkad
o"kkZ mm X dk eku
625 mm ls de 0-85
625 ls 875 mm 0-60
875 mm ls vf/kd 0-40
e`nk ,oa vkPNknu xq.kkad
e`nk dh ikjxE;rk okuLifrd Y dk
vkPNknu eku
de ¼Hkkjh de 1-00
e`nk½
vkSlr ,oa mlj vPNk 2-00
Ek/;e e/;e
Horizontal Interval (H.I)
1-50
H. I. = (100 * V. I.) / S
lykax (Contour) VªsaPk ds lsD’ku dk fu/kkZj.k