Gis Chapter1 2011 Introduction
Gis Chapter1 2011 Introduction
Gis Chapter1 2011 Introduction
Dr. Amba Shetty Associate Professor Dept.of Applied Mechanics NITK Surathkal
Date 27/07/11
1.
The general objective of the course is to equip students with theoretical and practical knowledge. The specific objectives include the following. To introduce students to the basics of GIS Become familiar with a range of applications of these technologies
2.Skill development of the student expected from the course Exposure to Arc GIS software 3. Course coverage
Contents Stages
1 ( 3+ 3 )6
hrs
Georelational Vector Data Model Raster Data Model Object Based Vector Data Model Data Input , Geometric Transformation , Spatial Data editing
3 4
5 5
Vector Data Analysis , Raster Data Analysis Introduction to GPS Applications of GPS, GIS
8 1 4
4. Recommended Text Introduction to Geographic Information Systems , by Kang Tsung Chang McGraw- Hill Higher Education , 3rd Edition with CD-ROM , 2008 Introduction to GPS: the Global Positing System, by EI- Rabbany, Ahmed, Artech House, Inc. 2002 5. Details on Tutorials if any: Mini Project using Arc GIS 6. Evaluation Plan
End Sem. Exam Mid Sem. Exam Surprize quizes + Assignment , Test Mini Project , Presentation
40 % 20 % 25 15
Overview
What is GIS and Why GIS Components of GIS Evolution of GIS GIS Models : Raster and vector Concept of Layer GIS operations GIS Applications
Introduction to GIS
GIS = Geographic Information Systems; Geospatial Information Systems; Geologic Information Systems (also geospatial database management) What Information are we talking about?
Information about anything that has a place (e.g. locations of features, address of people) on Earths surface, i.e. has coordinates
multipurpose geographic data system multipurpose input land use system computerized GIS system for handling natural resources inventory data image based information system land resources information system spatial data management and comprehensive analysis system planning information system resource information system natural resource management information system spatial data handling system geo- information system environment information system AGIS - automated GIS multipurpose cadastre land information system AM/FM - automated mapping and facilities management
The ultimate purpose of a GIS is to provide the context for making a reasonable decision.
Wisdom Knowledge
Evidence
Information
Data
The British Government (Dept. of the Environment) stated in 1988 that the impact of GIS on spatial analysis was as significant as ........ the invention of the microscope and telescope were to science, the computer to economics and the printing press to information dissemination. It is the biggest step forward in the handling of geographic information since the invention of the map
Reduction of computer cost and increase of computer capacities -in term of storage, processing speed, display and output devices
Integration of parallel developments: CAD, Remote Sensing, spatial and images analysis, digital cartography, surveying and geodesy, etc
Data, by itself, generally differs from information Data is of little use unless it is transformed into information Information is an answer to a question based on raw data We transform data into information through the use of an Information System.
What is a GIS?
GIS = G + IS
Data of spatial coordinates on the surface of the earth (Map) location data
Database of attribute data corresponding to spatial location and procedures to provide information for decision making
Definitions of GIS
Computer Science/MIS
graphics visualization database system administration security
GIS
Application Area:
public admin. planning geology mineral exploration forestry site selection marketing civil engineering criminal justice surveying
Evolution of GIS
Cost of implementation
Hardware, Software, Data creation, Data updating , Data archiving.
Cost of implementation
Cost of implementation
Spatial
5% Analysis
Data Conversion
Past
Future
Components of a GIS
Hardware: the computer on which GIS operates Software: which provides the
functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. Data: geographic data & related tabular data People: GIS users who range from specialists to simple users Methods: a designed plan and business rules
Hardware
Software
GIS software
CARIS Chameleon ERDAS IMAGINE ESRI GeoServer GeoTools GRASS IDRISI ILWIS JUMP GIS LandSerf Manifold System MapInfo MapServer Maptitude Oracle Spatial PostGIS Quantum GIS Smallworld SPRING TatukGIS TransCAD TerraView TNTmips TransModeler
Windows
Y Y Y Y Y Java Y Y Y Java Java Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Mac
N Y N N Y Java Y N N Java Java N N Y N Y Y Y ? N N N N Y N
GNU /Linu x
Y Y N Y Y Java Y N N Java Java N Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y N
BSD
Y Y N N Y Java Y N N Java Java N N Y N N Y Y ? N N N N N N
Unix
Y Y Y Y Y Java Y N N Java Java N Y Y N Y Y Y Y Solaris N N N Y N
Web
Y AMP N Y Java N via pyWPS N N N N Y Y AMP Y Y Y Y Y N ? Y N N N Source: Wikipedia
GIS software
CARIS Chameleon ERDAS IMAGINE ESRI GeoServer GeoTools GRASS IDRISI ILWIS JUMP GIS
Windows
Y Y Y Y Y Java Y Y Y Java
Mac
N Y N N Y Java Y N N Java
GNU /Linu x
Y Y N Y Y Java Y N N Java
BSD
Y Y N N Y Java Y N N Java
Unix
Y Y Y Y Y Java Y N N Java
Web
Y AMP N Y Java N via pyWPS N N N
$$$$
LandSerf
Manifold System MapInfo MapServer Maptitude Oracle Spatial PostGIS Quantum GIS Smallworld SPRING TatukGIS TransCAD TerraView
Java
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Java
N N Y N Y Y Y ? N N N N
Java
N Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N N Y
Java
N N Y N N Y Y ? N N N N
Java
N Y Y N Y Y Y Y Solaris N N N
N
Y Y AMP Y Y Y Y Y N ? Y N
Free
TNTmips
TransModeler
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
Source: Wikipedia
DIVA-GIS
http://www.diva-gis.org/
http://www.r-project.org/
http://freegeographytools.com/
GISWiki
http://en.giswiki.net/
FreeGIS.org
http://freegis.org/
People
People ( Cont..)
How and when to update data (Maps, GIS Layers, etc..) Who can update Backup and recovery Information Security Etc..
Policies and Procedures vary depending on the type of application Many Corporate sectors are looking back into Policies and Procedures after Satham fraud !!!
Metadata describes both the spatial and attribute data to new users. Metadata is data about data.
Output
GIS Process
GIS analysis
Features Representation
Depth Year Drilled Volume of Water Production Name Width Number of Lanes Area Owner Name and Address Permit Number
Rice_1995 table
OBJECTIDDISTID DISTNAME NO_ YEAR_1995 RICEKA RICEKP RICERA RICERP 23 123 Adilabad 113 1995 63 64 7 19 16 116 Nizamabad 78 1995 102 206 34 84 22 122 Karimnagar 108 1995 104 260 88 252 17 117 Medak 83 1995 64 111 41 78 15 115 Hyderabad 73 1995 1 1 1 1 14 114 Rangareddi 68 1995 22 47 18 35
Layers Concept
GIS, data for an area are divided into layers or themes. Data theme is a collection of common geographic elements divided by type for the dual purposes of display and analysis.
The database can be divided into as many layers as is necessary, where each layer contains one characteristic such as soils, land use, drainage, etc. The layers overlay each other perfectly as a result of Georeferencing and enabling analysis betwee
Layers Concept
What exists at a particular location? Given a geographic reference (eg lat,long) for
a location, the GIS must describe the features of that location
Where can specific features be found? This is the converse of the first question. For example, where are the districts with rainfall greater than 500 mm and less
than less than 750 mm?
Trends or What has changed over time? This involves answering both questions
above. For example, at what locations are the crop yields showing declining trends?
hypothesized set of conditions of temperature, precipitation, humidity, where do those conditions exist?
questions like what would be the nitrate distribution in groundwater over the area if fertilizer use is doubled?
4 Ms
GIS are a means of integrating spatial data acquired at different scale, time an format
GIS Applications
Business Government Economic Development Emergency Services Environmental Industry Public Health Urban Planning
Politics Education
Site Location, Delivery stems, Marketing Central, State,District etc Population Studies, Incomes, Census and Demographic Studies Fire & Police Monitoring & Modeling Transportation, Communication, Mining, Pipelines, Healthcare Epidemiology Studies Land Use, Historic studies, Environmental and Conservation Studies, Housing Studies, Crime Analysis Elections and Reappointment Research, Teaching Tool, Administration
Computers and Geosciences* Computers, Environment and Urban Systems Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing* Transactions in GISystems Geographical and Environmental Modeling Geographical Analysis* GeoInformatica* Annals of the Association of American Geographers* Journal of Geographical Systems* (successor to Geographical Systems)
*UD subscribes
Thank You