Other Theories Report
Other Theories Report
Other Theories Report
Objectives
Frameworks that explain how people acquire and retain knowledge. They provide a
systematic way to understand how individuals process and respond to new information.
19th
Century 20th
Century
Different theories focus on different
aspects of the learning process
01 Cognitive (acquiring and storing information)
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Are there other theories in education
sometimes, people experience disorienting dilemmas, where their new learning experiences contradict their old
learning experiences
The perspective transformation is explained
by Mezirow as follows:
Four main Component
1 Experience – everything that occurred in our life
Critical reflection – an assessment that can lead to clearer
2 understanding by using collective experience to form a best judgment
Reflective discourse – identifying and challenging our assumptions about
3 things and can brainstorm alternatives
Habit of mind – set of assumptions that we have that help us filter and interpret our
different experiences
Point of view – our set of knowledge, belief, values and feelings toward different aspects
The Transformative Learning Theory Includes High
Levels of Reflection
Change cannot occur and new habits of mind will NOT be created until the learner takes time to reflect
Lack of testing; Is transformative learning theory viable for adult education practice
Transformative Learning Process in Education
Teachers can only provide an opportunity to transformatively learn.
Educator to promote discovery learning through the implementation of classroom methods such as
learning contracts, group projects, role play, case studies, and simulations.
The educator's role in establishing an environment that builds trust and care and facilitates the development of
sensitive relationships among learners is a fundamental principle of fostering transformative learning
Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory is the idea that humans learn from observing and imitating the behavior
modeled by others. Bandura labelled this phenomenon observational learning. In short, it is not
necessary to have a direct experience of something in order to learn.
It emphasizes the important of observing, modelling, imitating the behaviors, attitudes and
emotional reactions of others.
History of Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura is considered the father of social learning theory. In the 1960’s he conducted a
now-famous experiment called the Bobo doll experiment that led to his official writings on the
social learning theory in 1977.
****The Bobo doll experiment was a group of tests performed from 1961-1963. The experiments
involved studying children’s behavior after they watched an adult act aggressively toward a doll-like
toy with a low center of mass that rocked back after being knocked down.
“Bobo doll experiment” helped him make the connection between social observation and new
behavior responses from individuals who had not learned the behavior before
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory:
Main Idea
Described how people can learn something new by observing the behavior of other people and
applying rational mental behavior
***Observational learning
Is the first step in the social learning process
Can also occur through verbal instruction or listening to someone describe or explain how something is done.
*** Bobo doll experiment supported the social learning theory of observation learning
*** showed that kids mimicked the behavior of the adults they observed
*** the children preferred repeating actions of the models who gained approval by being rewarded.
*** they are also more likely to continue the behavior that results in positive than negative
consequences.
When kids imitate a model
- it may be one type of behavior they reproduce
- kids may also identify with multiple models in their environment
Models could be
*parents *siblings *peers *celebrities
*teachers *friends *cartoon characters
- they identify with these people because they have talents, abilities, or qualities the child
wants to possess
3.) learning a behavior doesn’t automatically mean the Changing or applying a new behavior must be of value to the
person will execute it person to want to apply what they’ve learned
What are the 4 Elements of Social Learning
Theory?
Attention a lesson must engage a student sufficiently to hold their attention
a student must be able to see the benefit of a new behavior for long term assimilation.
Motivation - to have most success for any observational learning
- both reinforcement and punishment impact motivation
How can Teacher use social Learning Theory in the
classroom?
1. On managing the Classroom
2. Teacher can use positive and negative reinforcement to motivate students to perform certain behaviors
3. On making Transitions or Clarifications
4. Teachers can use physical and/or verbal cues to elicits student attention
5. On Planning for Instruction
6. Teacher may incorporate multimodal learning to help students retain new information
7. On supporting Intrinsic Motivation
8. Teacher can use rewards and reinforcement to help students develop confidence, self-efficacy, and a love for learning
9. On Incorporating Collaborative Learning
10.Teachers can create time in each lesson for students to practice and learn with diverse students (model) in low stakes activities
11.On Trying a Flipped Classroom Model
12.Students watch a video or lesson at home and observe others’ behaviors during the learning activities in the classroom
13.On Applying the Principles of Gamification to Lessons
14.Gamification naturally creates rewards and reinforcements for positive behaviors
15.As teacher make conscious efforts to amplify social learning in their classroom
Experiential Learning Theory
Experiential learning focuses on the idea that the best ways to learn things is by actually having experiences.
Defined as 'learning by doing'. The learner is an active participant in the educational process, and learning
is achieved through a continuous cycle of inquiry, reflection, analysis and synthesis (Bartle, 2015 (PDF,
803.8 KB)).
The first two stages involves grasping an The second two stages focus on transforming an
experience experience
In the Acting style, one uses feeling and thinking to initiate action,
Acting
spending the least amount of time reflecting.
In the Initiating style, one uses feeling and acting to initiate action,
Initiating
paying the least attention to analyzing.
2. Engage the learner in a realistic experience that provides intrigue as well as depth of involvement (mock
trial).
3. Allow for discussion of the experience including the happenings that occurred and how the individuals
involved felt (discussion afterwards).
4. The learner will then begin to formulate concepts and hypotheses concerning the experience through
discussion as well as individual reflection (discussion afterwards, but also could be done with journaling).
5. Allow the learners to experiment with their newly formed concepts and experiences (interpreting current
conflict and conflict resolution scenario).
6. Further reflection on experimentation (discussion, but could also be done through journaling).
Kolb’s Learning Style
1 Diverging – learners focus on concrete experience and reflective observation.
4 Accommodating – learners who favour concrete experience and active active experimentation
What are the benefits of experiential
learning?
There is more room for creativity
Alternative resources
Illustrations
● Hand drawn flat world children’s day illustration
Thank You
Charieble F. Cardona
MTSci Guindance & Counciling