Three Dimensional (3D) Anthropometry

Three dimensional (3D)
anthropometry
Course: TEX-207 Clothing Anthropometry and Pattern Construction
Three-dimensional (3D) anthropometry
• Non-contact human body measuring systems.
• Three-dimensional (3D) body scanners.
• 3D body surface shape and landmark locations can be obtained, and

measurements can be calculated.
• Much more expensive than traditional tools.
• More people can be measured in a limited time.
• 1D measurements from 3D scanner: Should be comparable with

traditional methods.
Landmarking can be:
• Done by measurer (3D anthropometry-1)
(Figure 3.1).
• Calculated from body surface data (3D

anthropometry-2).
Basics of 3D measurement
• Triangulation: Depth information in 3D body scanners (Fig. 3.5 ).
• Single slit light or structured patterns are projected.
• Landmarking methods: Manually mark or calculate locations

automatically. Automatic calculations save time.
• Landmarks labeling: Manual or system automatically names

markers.
Basics of 3D measurement
Scanning posture
• Standing posture in traditional methods: Not suitable
for 3D scanning.
• Postures are different for both: 1D measurements not

comparable.
• ISO 20685: Arms are abducted 20° and distance between

both foot axes is 20 cm.
a) Basic standing posture.
b) Arms and legs abducted.

• Head oriented in Frankfurt plane.
• Long axes of feet are parallel and 20 cm
apart.
• Upper arms abducted to form 20° angle
with side of the torso, the elbows are
straight.
• Palms face backward.
• Subject breaths quietly.
Scanning attire
• Do not wear too loose or too tight.
• Should be appropriate for the purpose of the measurement.
• Shape changes according to the garment.
• ISO 20685: Wear garments that expose landmarks.

Scanning attire
• Use a seam on the center back of the lower garment.
• Most 3D body scanners: Cannot capture dark colors.
• Long hair: Pull up (do not hide the neck and shoulders).
Comparability of 3D scanned and
traditional measurements
Quality of scanned measurements
• Accuracy of scanner.
• Performance of software for detecting and

calculating the coordinates of the center of marker
stickers and for calculating body dimensions using
landmark locations.
• Skill of the measurer to decide landmarks if the
system uses manually chosen landmark
locations.
• Skill of the operator to pick the center of

marker stickers using a mouse if the system uses
manually chosen marker locations.
• Body sway during scan.
• Many more factors compared to traditional

where skill is dominant.
Evaluation procedure to compare 3D
scanned and traditional measurements
1. Measure N subjects (N ≥ 40) by both methods.
2. Calculate error for all subjects. Measurement difference between
both methods.
3. Calculate:
• Lower and upper limits = mean error ± 1.96 × the standard error.
• Standard error = SD/square root of N.
4. Compare:
• Maximum allowable error < Lower limit.
• Upper limit < Maximum allowable error.
Maximum allowable error for different measurements:
• 4 mm for height, small circumference, and body breadth.
• 5 mm for segment length and body depth.
• 9 mm for large circumference.
• 2 mm for foot and head including the hair.
• 1 mm for hand and head excluding the hair.

Example:
1. Measure height for 74 subjects (39 females and 35 males) by a
bodyline scanner and by a skilled anthropometrist.
2. Calculate error as difference between scan-derived and traditional
measurement for the 74 subjects.
3. Calculate:
• Lower and upper limits = mean error ± 1.96 × the standard error. Lower =
5.6 − 1.96 × 4.9 /√74 = 4.48 [mm]. Upper = 5.6 + 1.96 × 4.9/√74 = 6.72
[mm]
4. Compare:
• Maximum allowable error < lower limit. = 4 mm < 4.48 mm
• Upper limit < Maximum allowable error. = 6.72 > 4 mm (not comparable)
• Maximum allowable error of height measurements = 4 mm.
• This scanner gives larger values.
Selecting a 3D body scanner
• Scan volume.
• Time necessary for one scan.
• Resolution.
• Accuracy.
• Scan direction.
• Function to capture the texture.
• Function to capture pre-marked landmark locations and its

method (manual or automatic).
• Number of cameras arranged in different directions.
• Function to merge data obtained by different cameras.
• Function to calculate 1D measurements.
• Function to generate a homologous model.

List of references
• Gupta, D., & Zakaria, N. (Eds.). Anthropometry, apparel sizing and
design. Elsevier, 2014.

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Three dimensional (3D)

• Three-dimensional (3D) body scanners.

• 3D body surface shape and landmark locations can be obtained, and

• More people can be measured in a limited time.

• 1D measurements from 3D scanner: Should be comparable with

• Calculated from body surface data (3D

• Single slit light or structured patterns are projected.

• Landmarking methods: Manually mark or calculate locations

• Landmarks labeling: Manual or system automatically names

• Postures are different for both: 1D measurements not

• ISO 20685: Arms are abducted 20° and distance between

b) Arms and legs abducted.

• Should be appropriate for the purpose of the measurement.

• Shape changes according to the garment.

• ISO 20685: Wear garments that expose landmarks.

• Most 3D body scanners: Cannot capture dark colors.

• Performance of software for detecting and

• Skill of the operator to pick the center of

• Body sway during scan.

• Many more factors compared to traditional

• 4 mm for height, small circumference, and body breadth.

• 5 mm for segment length and body depth.

• 9 mm for large circumference.

• 2 mm for foot and head including the hair.

• 1 mm for hand and head excluding the hair.

• Time necessary for one scan.

• Function to capture the texture.

• Function to capture pre-marked landmark locations and its

• Function to merge data obtained by different cameras.

• Function to calculate 1D measurements.

• Function to generate a homologous model.

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