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    Operating System Lecture 2

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    janishab1704

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    Operating System Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    janishab1704
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    operating system lecture 2

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    3 views26 pages

    Operating System Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    janishab1704

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Operating Systems

    Lecture 3
    Agenda for Today
     Operating system structures
     Operating system design and
    implementation
     UNIX/Linux directory structure
     Browsing UNIX/Linux directory structure

    May 15, 2024


    Operating System Structures

     Simple Structure
     Layered Approach
     Microkernels
     Virtual Machines
    Layered Approach

    May 15, 2024


    Each upper layer communicate with closest
    lower layer
    Layered Approach …
     Modularity
     Each layer uses functions and services of
    only lower layers
     Simplifies debugging and system
    verification.
     The major difficulty with layered approach
    is careful definition of layers, because a
    layer can only use the layers below it
     Less efficient than other approaches
    May 15, 2024
    Microkernel
     Structures the operating system by
    removing all non-essential components
    from the kernel and implementing them as
    system and user level programs
     Smaller kernel
     If error comes in one microkernel others
    will work fine.There are many microkernel

    May 15, 2024


    Microkernel …
     User mode communicate via passing
    message to microkernel
     Easier to maintain operating system code
    (enhancement, debugging, etc.)
     More security and reliability
     Mach, MacOS X Server, QNX, and Windows
    NT

    May 15, 2024


    Work Assignment : How OS is easier to port from one
    hardware to another in micro kernel OS?
    Virtual Machine
    How to achieve virtualization ?
    We achieve using Hypervisor
    Virtual Machines …

    Non Virtual Machine Virtual Machine


    May 15, 2024
    VMware

    May 15, 2024


    Java Virtual Machine

    May 15, 2024


    System Design and
    Implementation
     Design Goals
     User: operating system should be
    convenient to use, easy to learn, reliable,
    safe, and fast.
     System designer and administrator:
    operating system should be easy to
    design, implement, and maintain, as well
    as flexible, reliable, error-free, and
    May 15, 2024
    efficient.
    • When a process request for a resourse.
    How the resource will be allocated to the
    process.that is mechanism. Whether
    allocate resource to that process or not
    that is policy
    • Ex: Car internal part which help to move
    forward that is mechanism and 50 km/hr
    that is policy
    It is easier to port from
    one hardware to
    another hardware
    Introduction to UNIX and Linux
     Written by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thomsom in at Bell
    Labs in 1969
     Initially written in assembly language and a high-level
    language called B. Later converted from B to C
    language.
     Linux written by Linus Torvalds (an undergraduate
    student at the Univ. of Helsinki, Finland) in 1991.
     Most popular operating systems

    May 15, 2024


    UNIX/Linux File
    System
     UNIX has a hierarchical file system structure consisting
    of a root directory with other directories and files
    hanging under it
     In a command-line user interface, typed commands are
    used to navigate the system
     Directories and files are specified by filenames
     os/assignments/assign1.c
     /home/students/ali/courses/os

    May 15, 2024


    Browsing Directory
    Structure
    / The root directory is the directory that
    contains all other directories. When a
    directory structure is displayed as a
    tree, the root directory is at the top.
    /bin This directory holds binary executable
    files that are essential for correct
    operation of the system
    /boot This directory includes essential
    system boot files including the kernel
    image .
    May 15, 2024
    Browsing Directory
    Structure …
    /dev This directory contains the devices
    available to on the machine

    /etc Linux uses this directory to store


    system configuration files
    /home This is where every user on a Linux
    system has a personal directory
    /lib Shared libraries and kernel modules
    are stored in this directory
    May 15, 2024
    Browsing Directory
    Structure …
    /root The home directory for the
    superuser
    /sbin Utilities used for system
    administration (halt, ifconfig, fdisk,
    etc.) are stored in this directory
    /tmp Used for storing temporary files.
    Similar to C:\Windows\Temp.

    May 15, 2024


    Browsing Directory
    Structure …
    /usr Typically a shareable, read-only
    directory. Contains user
    applications and supporting files
    for those applications.
    /var This directory contains variable
    data files such as logs (/var/log),
    mail (/var/mail), and spools
    (/var/spool) among other things.
    May 15, 2024
    UNIX/Linux Directory
    Hierarchy
    /

    bin dev home … sbin usr

    faculty … students

    May 15, 2024


    UNIX/Linux Directory
    Hierarchy

    May 15, 2024

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