Control Coordination Final

CONTROL AND COORDINATION
The changes in the environment to which living organisms respond are called
Stimuli: stimuli.
Eg :- heat, cold, sound, smell, taste, touch, pressure, gravity, water etc.
Living organisms respond to stimuli in the form of body movements.
Coordination: For a proper response to a stimulus many i) In animals control and co ordination is done
organs in the body should work together. The by the nervous system and endocrine system.
working together of various organs in an ii) In plants control and co ordination is done
organism to produce a proper response to a by chemical substances called plant hormones
or phytohormones.
stimulus is called coordination.
Coordination in animals :-
In animals, control and coordination is done by the nervous system, comprising of brain, spinal cord and senses and
endocrine system.
PHOTORECEPTORS in the eyes detect light.

RECEPTORS are sense organs which receive the stimuli PHONORECEPTORS in the ears detect sound
and pass the message to the brain or spinal cord through OLFACTORY RECEPTORS in the nose detect smell.
the sensory nerves. GUSTATORY RECPTORS in the tongue detect taste.
TANGORECEPTORS n the skin detect touch.
EFFECTORS include muscles and glands which respond to the information from brain and spinal cord. Through the
motor nerves.
SENSORY NERVES re nerves which carry information from the receptors(sense organs) to the brain and spinal cord.
MOTOR NERVES are nerves which carry information from brain and spinal cord to the effectors ( muscles and
glands).
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Parts of Human nervous system
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Brain & Spinal cord
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – Cranial nerves arising from the

brain and spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neuron / nerve cell
Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It has a
cell body called cyton containing a nucleus and cytoplasm. It has several
branched structures called dendrites. It has a long nerve fibre called axon which
is covered by a protective covering called Myelin sheath. The junction between
two neurons is called synapse.
Messages pass through the nerve cell in the form of chemical and
electrical signals called nerve impulse. The dendrites receive the information and
starts a chemical reaction which produce electrical impulse which passes through
the axon.
Structure of neuron (Nerve cell)
Transmission of messages through neurons
Brain
Main coordinating center in the human body – protected by cranium – covered by three
membranes called MENINGES filled with cerebrospinal fluid – protects against shocks.
FOREBRAIN – consist of CEREBRUM – two cerebral hemispheres- Thalamus,

Hypothalamus. & OLFACTORY LOBES. Cranial nerves arising from the brain and spinal
nerves arising from the spinal cord.
HUMAN BRAIN
Spinal Cord
The spinal cord starts from the brain and extends through the vertebral column. It
has 31 pairs of spinal nerves. It carries messages to and from the brain and controls
reflex actions too.
Reflex Action
Reflex action is a sudden, unconscious and involuntary response of the effectors
to a stimulus.
Eg :- We suddenly withdraw our hand if we suddenly touch a hot object.
In this reflex action, the nerves in the skin (receptor) detects the heat and passes
the message through the sensory nerves to the spinal cord. Then the information
passes through the motor nerves to the muscles (effector) of the hand and we
withdraw our hand.
Reflex Action
Reflex Arc
The pathway of a reflex action is called reflex arc. In a reflex arc, the
stimulus is received by the receptors (sense organs) and it passes through
the sensory nerves to the spinal cord. From the spinal cord, the information
passes through the motor nerves to the effectors (muscles/glands) for the
response.
Stimulus
Receptors
Sensory nerves
(Sense organ)
Spinal cord
Effectors
Motor nerves
(Muscles/Glands)
Response
Reflex Arc
Reflex action
Difference between reflex action and walking? Walking
Immediate and automatic response Response generated by thought,
to a dangerous stimulus where the information is transmitted
by nerve to leg muscles,
Spinal cord controls and coordinates Brain instructs and controls the leg
the effectors muscles
It is an involuntary action. It is a voluntary action.
What happens at the synapse between two neurons?

The space between two nerve cells is called synapse. At synapse, a chemical substance called n eurotransmitter is produced at
the end of axon of one nerve cell. Receptors for this neurotransmitter will be present on the dendrites of the next neuron. Once,
the neurotransmitter binds, changes occur at the dendrite, which allows in the transmission of information from one nerve cell
to other nerve cell through the synapse.
Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body ? Cerebellum
How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick) ?
The smell of agarbatti (incense stick) diffuses in the air. It is detected by olfactory receptors present in the nose. This
information is sent to olfactory lobe by sensory nerves located in the forebrain, which responds to the information.
What is the role of the brain in reflex action ?
There is no role of brain in reflex action. These involuntary actions are controlled by the spinal cord which take place
immediately without thinking of how to respond to the stimuli. The thinking part of the brain, the cerebrum is not involved at
all.
Coordination in Plants
In plants, control and coordination is done by chemical substances called plant
hormones or phytohormones.
There are five main types of plant hormones. They are :-
Auxins, Gibberillins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid and Ethylene.
i) Auxins :- help in cell division, cell elongation and growth.
ii) Gibberillins :- help in growth of stem and branches.
iii) Cytokinins:- help in cell division, formation of fruits and seeds.
iv) Abscisic acid :- inhibits growth and affects wilting of leaves.
vi) Ethylene :- helps in flowering and ripening of fruits.

Movements in plants
Movements in plants are of two main types. They are :-Tropic movements and Nastic movements.
a) Tropic movements :- are directional movements towards or away from the stimulus and it
depends on growth. They are of different types like Phototropism, Geotropism, Chemotropism,
Hydrotropism etc.
i) Phototropism :- is movement of plants in response to light. If it is towards light, it is called positive

phototropism. Eg:- Bending of shoot towards light. If it is away from light, it is called negative
phototropism. Eg:- Bending of root away from light.
ii) Geotropism :- is the movement of plants in response to gravity. If it is towards gravity it is called
positive geotropism. Eg:- Downward growth of roots. If it is away from gravity it is called negative
geotropism. Eg:- Upward growth of shoot.
iii) Chemotropism :- is movement of plant in response to chemical stimuli. Eg:- Growth of pollen tube
towards the ovule.
iv) Hydrotropism :- is the movement of plants in response to water. Eg :- Growth of roots towards
water.
PHOTOTROPISM GEOTROPISM CHEMOTROPISM
Nastic movements :- are non directional movements which are neither towards or away from
the stimulus and it does not depend on growth.
Eg :- If we touch the leaves of touch me not plant, its leaves fold up and droops down immediately
due to the change in the amount of water in the leaves. Depending upon the amount of water in the
leaves, it swells or shrinks.
Endocrine glands in human beings :-
The endocrine glands also help in control and coordination by producing chemical substances which help to control
and coordinate
various activities in the body.
The endocrine glands in our body are :- pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal,
pancreas, testes and ovary.
Examples of coordination by endocrine glands :-
i) When we are frightened or angry, the adrenal glands produce more adrenalin hormone which is sent through the
blood to the heart, rib muscles and diaphragm. This increases breathing rate to supply more oxygen to the muscles to
prepare the body to either run away or fight with the enemy.
ii) Iodine is needed by the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxin. Thyroxin controls the metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats and proteins and helps in proper growth. If the diet is deficient in iodine it causes goitre.
iii) The pituitary gland produce growth hormones. Deficiency of this hormone in childhood causes dwarfism. Excess of
this hormone causes tall growth.
iv) The pancreas produces the hormone insulin which controls the blood sugar level. Increase in blood sugar level
causes diabetes. A diabetic patient has to take insulin injections to control his blood sugar level.
v) The testes in males produces the hormone testosterone which controls the production of sperms and changes during
puberty.
The ovary in females produces the hormone oestrogen which controls the production of eggs and changes during
puberty.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN HUMAN BEINGS

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CONTROL AND COORDINATION

PHOTORECEPTORS in the eyes detect light.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Brain & Spinal cord

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – Cranial nerves arising from the

FOREBRAIN – consist of CEREBRUM – two cerebral hemispheres- Thalamus,

What happens at the synapse between two neurons?

i) Auxins :- help in cell division, cell elongation and growth.

ii) Gibberillins :- help in growth of stem and branches.

iii) Cytokinins:- help in cell division, formation of fruits and seeds.

iv) Abscisic acid :- inhibits growth and affects wilting of leaves.

vi) Ethylene :- helps in flowering and ripening of fruits.

i) Phototropism :- is movement of plants in response to light. If it is towards light, it is called positive

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