THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

Religion is a collection of cultural systems, beliefs

systems, and world views that establishes symbols that relate
humanity to spirituality and to moral values.

Religion is the foundation of modern republics. It is the belief

in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a
god or gods. It is also may be defined as cultural system or
designated behaviors or practices even morals, prophecies,
ethics, organizations that relates humanity to supernatural
transcendental or spiritual elements.
TRIVIA: Malaysian government places
religion at the center of their political system.
THE MOST KNOWN RELIGIONS ACROSS THE
WORLD
1.Christianity
largest religion in the world. It started 2000 years ago in
Palestine with Jesus of Nazareth, a charismatic leader who
thought his followers about caritas. The word caritas
means charity or treating others as you would like to be
treated yourself.
2. Islam
Is monotheistic. Monotheistic means they believe only in single
god. It follows the teaching of Prophet Muhammed born in
Mecca. Muhammed is seen only as a Prophet not as a divine
being and he is to believe the messenger of Allah or their god
who is divine.
THE MOST KNOWN RELIGIONS ACROSS THE
WORLD
3. Hinduism
The oldest religion in the world. Hinduism originated in the Indus River Valley
with roughly 1 billion followers. Hinduism is the 3rd largest of the world’s
religion. Hindus believe in divide power that can manifest different entities.
Hindus also believe in karma and reincarnation.
4. Buddhism
was founded by Siddhartha Gautama. Siddhartha Gautama was said to have
given up a comfortable upper-class life to follow one of poverty and spiritual
devotion. At the age of 35, he famously meditated under a sacred fig tree and
vowed not to rise before he achieved enlightenment called “Bodhi”. After this
experience, he became known as Buddha or the enlightened one. So, the
followers are drawn to Buddha’s teaching and the practices of meditation and
he later established monastic order. According to Buddha’s teachings, he encourages
his followers to lead a moral life.
THE MOST KNOWN RELIGIONS ACROSS THE
WORLD
5. Confucianism
Was the official religion of China until it was officially
abolished when Communist leadership discourage
religious practice in 1949.
The religion was developed by Confucius. He is an
extraordinary teacher, his lessons which were about self-
discipline, respect for authority, and tradition and Jen.
Jen is a kind treatment of ever person which were
collected in a book called the Analects.
THE MOST KNOWN RELIGIONS ACROSS THE
WORLD
6. Taoism
The purpose of life is inner peace and harmony. “Tao” is
usually translated as way or path. The founder of the religion is
generally recognized to be a man named Lao Tzu. Their beliefs
emphasize the virtue of compassion and moderation. The
concept of Ying yang symbol came from Taoism and the
concept of polar forces or central Taoist ideas.
Some scholars have compared these Chinese traditions to its
Confucian counterpart by saying that Confucianism is
concerned with day-to-day rules of conduct while Taoism is
concerned with a more spiritual level of being.
THE MOST KNOWN RELIGIONS ACROSS THE
WORLD
7. Judaism
After their exodus from Egypt in 13th century, Jews or a
nomadic society became monotheistic or worshiping only one
god. The Jews covenant or promise of special relationship
with Yahweh or their god is an important element of
Judaism.
Their sacred text is called “torah” which Christians also follow as
the first five books of the bible. The collection of a sacred
Jewish or oral interpretation of the Torah is called the Talmud.
Jews emphasizes moral behavior and action as opposed to
beliefs or personal salvation in the next world.
 To sum up, religions epitomizes the definition of globalization
due to the fact that it can be spread more efficiently than ever
before through the use of different technological tools. It is
now possible for every religion to spread beyond national
borders allowing even small new religious movements to
engage in overseas activities and leading to a new, unseen
religious developments. Small religious developments are
also spreading thanks to the celebrities for advertising them.

 Globalization has a great impact on religion as people and

culture move across the globe, as ideas are mobilized and
transported by media technology, the religious globalization
will go on and on.
TOOLS OF UNITING PEOPLE ALL OVER
THE WORLD ON RELIGIOUS BASIS
 1. Books
 2. Movies

 3. Cell phone apps

 4. Social networks

 5. Charity funds

 6. Special internet sites

 7. Religious schools
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS
 1. Cults – this term is sometimes used interchangeably
with the term new religious movement (NRM). These
groups are often disparaged as being secretive, highly
controlling of members’ lives, and dominated by a single,
charismatic leader.
We think this is negative. Cults, like sects, are new religious
groups. In the US, this term often carries pejorative
connotation. However, almost religions began as cult and
gradually progress to levels of greater size and
organizations. Cult continuum because they have a mixture of
sect-like and a denomination like characteristics.
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS
2. Sects
it is a breakaway group that may be in tension with larger society.
They sometimes claim to be returning to “the fundamentals” or the
contest the veracity of a particular doctrine. When membership in a
sect increases over time, it may grow into a denomination.
It is small and relatively new group like cult. Most of the well-known
Christian denominations in the US today began as sects. For
example, the Methodist, the Baptist protested against their parent
Anglican church in England when Henry the VIII protested
against the catholic church by forming the Anglican church from
protest. A sect begins as an offshoot of denomination. When a group
of members believes they should separate from a larger group.
Some sect dissolve without growing into denominations where it
is called “established sect” such as Jehovah’s Witness, which falls
halfway between sect and denomination
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS
 3. Denomination – is a large mainstream religious
organization, but it does not claim to be official or state
sponsored. Denomination is one religion among many. For
example, Baptist, African Methodist Episcopal, catholic, and
seventh-day Adventists are all Christian denominations.
 4. Ecclesia – originally referring to a political assembly of
citizens in ancient Athens, Greece, now refers to a congestion.
In sociology, the term is used to refer to a religious group that
most all members of a society belong to. Ecclesia is
considered a national recognized or official religion that
holds a religious monopoly and is closely allied with state and
secular powers.
One way to remember these religious organizational
terms is to think of cults, sect, denomination, and
ecclesia representing a continuum with increasing
influence in society.

Cults are least influential, ecclesia are most

influential.
CHAPTER 5: GLOBAL AND POPULATION
MOBILITY
Introduction:

This module presents you the essence and reality of global

demography. The 21st century is a hub for the closer
relation of states and for a wider perspective in
technological development. As such, the world became a
web where people can witness the inter-connectivity of
nations. It is globalization that made nations closer to each
other.
 LESSON 1: THE GLOBAL CITY

 The Global city, also called world city or sometimes alpha

city or world center, serves as a hub for production,
finance, and telecommunications. Sassen (2005)
outlined the different characteristics of globality that
maintain its to link to globalization. Some of the
obvious characteristics to a global city are: 1) the cultural
diversity of the people; 2) the existence of a center of
economy; 3) geographic dispersal of economic activities that
marks globalization; and4) global reach performance. These
characteristics are observed in famous global cities such as
New York, Tokyo, Singapore and Seoul
INDICATORS OF A GLOBAL CITY

The following are the foremost characteristics of a global

city.

1. Seats of Economic Power

New York may have the largest stock market in the world but
Tokyo houses the most number of corporate headquarters
(613 company headquarters as against 217inNew York, its
competitor). Shanghai may have a smaller stock market
compared to New York and Tokyo, but plays a critical role in
the global economic supply chain ever since China has
become the manufacturing center of the world.
Shanghai has the world’s busiest container port, moving over
33 million container units in 2013.
INDICATORS OF A GLOBAL CITY

2. Centers of Authority

Washington DC may not be wealthy as New York but it is the

seat of American state power. People around the world know its
major landmarks: the White House, the Capitol Building
(Congress), the Supreme Court, the Lincoln Memorial, and the
Washington Monument. Similarly, compared with Sydney and
Melbourne, Canberra is a sleepy town and thus is not as
attractive to tourists. But as Australia’s political capital, it is
home to the country’s top politicians, bureaucrats, and policy
advisors.
INDICATORS OF A GLOBAL CITY

3. Centers of Political

Influence Cities that house major international organizations

may also be considered centers of political influence. The
headquarters of the United Nations is in New York, and that of
the European Union is in Brussels. An influential political city
near the Philippines is Jakarta, which is not just the capital of
Indonesia, but also the location of the main headquarters of
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The
Contemporary World202087Powerful political hubs exert
influence on their own countries as well as on international
affairs. The European Central Bank which oversees the Euro
(the European Union’s currency), is based in Frankfurt.
INDICATORS OF A GLOBAL CITY

4. Centers of Higher Learning and Culture

Centers of Higher Learning and Culture A city’s intellectual

influence is seen through the influence of its publishing
industry. Many of the books that people read are published in
places like New York, London, or Paris. The New York Times
carries the name of New York City but it is far from being a
local newspaper. People read it not just across America, but
also all over the world. One of the reasons for many tourists
visiting Boston is that they want to see Harvard University - the
world’s top university.
INDICATORS OF A GLOBAL CITY

5. Economic Opportunities

Economic opportunities in a global city make it attractive

to talents from a cross the world. Since the 1970’s, many of
the top IT programmers and engineers from Asia have
moved to San Francisco Bay Area to become some of the
key figures in Silicon Valley’s technology boom. London
remains a preferred destination for many Filipinos with
nursing degrees.
INDICATORS OF A GLOBAL CITY

6. Economic Competitiveness

The Economist Intelligence Unit has added other criteria

like market size, purchasing power of citizens, size of the
middle class, and potential for growth. Based on this
criteria, tiny Singapore is considered Asia’s most
competitive city because of its strong market, efficient and
incorruptible government, and livability. 179 It also houses
the regional offices of many major global corporations.
Cities as Engines of Globalization

Cities are the engines of globalization. They are social magnets,

growing faster and faster. In the current generation, urban life
has become the dominant form of human life throughout the
world. An increasing number of large cities, with populations of
over five million, are already identified as global cities, cities
that are nodes of global as much as national networks. In 2000,
there were 18 megacities (over 10 million)‚ such as Mumbai,
Tokyo, New York City/Newark and Mexico City had
populations in excess of 10 million inhabitants. Greater Tokyo
already has 35 million. The HongKong/Guangzhow area is
even larger, perhaps 120 million
LESSON 2 : GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
 Demography is a field in statistics that is
concerned with births, deaths, income, or the
incidence of disease, which later illustrates the changing
structure of human population. In the context of political
science, demography is a statistical study to determine world
population that can be used as a toll to identify certain
phenomenon in geopolitics, public administration, and others.
 Global Demography is about the trends and practices in
world politics. It is the study of the issues and developments
of the global population. Basically, it lays out the present
condition of the world and its population. To understand this
concept, citing an example of current world issues and
humanitarian crises can be done. In addition, this idea is also
a tool in understanding migration and global citizenship.
According to Ronald Lee (2003), demography is currently in
transition; the mortality rate declined followed by fertility,
causing population growth rates to accelerate and then to
slow down again. This demographic transition leads to low
fertility, long-life, and an old population.
Global demography is a series of events in population growth,
fertility, and mortality rate for the past years, decades, and
centuries. This demographic transition is ongoing event in
history; it will end in 2100 (Lee, 2003). The world is bigger
than what people know it but it is smaller than how they
perceive it. There are a lot of issues and crises along the road of
globalization. The economic bubble in some parts of the
world, wars in different states of every region, the
existence of transnational crimes, climate change, and
migration are some of the trends in global demography.
LESSON 3: GLOBAL MIGRATION
 Global Migration is a situation in which people go and
live in foreign countries, especially to find work.

 Global migration can be understand as a cause and

effect relationship, through the causes are just as
numerous as their effects. People move across
international borders for a variety of reasons.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION:

1). Internal migration, which refers to people moving from

one area to another within one country.
2). International migration, in which people cross borders of
one country to another. International migration is broken down
into five groups: a.are those who move permanently to another
country (immigrant); b. are workers who stay in another country
for a fixed period (at least 6 months in a year); c. are illegal
migrants; d. are
migrants whose families have “petitioned” them to move to the
destination country; and e. are
WHY DO PEOPLE MOVE?

 ECONOMIC REASONS
 POLITICAL REASON

 SOCIAL FACTORS

 CULTURAL FACTORS

 PUSH-PULL FACTOR
 Migration affects both place of origin and the place of
destination on the various aspects such;

1. Environmental aspects

2. Economic aspects

3. Health and social aspect