Divergent interest of forest stake holders have different

forest perceptions as follow

 A means of ecological stability and aesthetic

satisfaction (Environmentalist)
 A place of hunting delight (Hunter)
 An open stall for fodder(Grazier)

 A budget of multiple products (Farmer)

 Cash held in trees (Owner)
 A bonanza of profit(Timber trader)
 Resource generator (Govt)
 Multiple purpose sustainable renewable resources(Forester)
 The word forest is derived from the latin “ROOT
FORIS” meaning out of doors
 Forest can be defined in several ways
 A tract of land mostly or predominantly covered
with trees and woody vegetation and declared as
forest by govt through notification (legal definition)
 Forest are nature’s most bountiful and versatile
renewable resources providing simultaneously and a
wide range of economical, environmental and
cultural benefits and services
 Lands bearing vegetation association dominated by
trees capable producing wood or exerting an
influence on local climate or on the water regime or
providing shelter for live stock and wild life (FAO
1960)
 Forest is a peculiar organism of unlimited kindness
and benevolence that makes no demand for its
sustenance and extends protection to all beings
offering shade even to AXEMAN who destroy it
(GAUTAMA BUDHA)
 Any area with contiguous trees stand of more then 10 hectare
and a canopy of more then 10% (FAO 2006)
 Kyoto forest is a minimum area of land of 0.05-1 hectare with
trees crown cover (or equivalent stoking level) of more then
10-30% with trees with the potential to reach a minimum
height of 2-5 meters at maturity in situ(THE KYOTO
PROTOCOL)
 Forest roads
 Fire breaks
 National parks
 Protected areas
 Wind breaks and corridors of trees with an area of
more then 0.5 hectare and width of more then
20meters
 Plantations
 Forest is determined both by
 The presence of trees
 The absence of predominant land uses
 Forestry is the art and science of managing forest so
as to yield on a continuous basis a maximum in
quality and quantity of forest products and services
to satisfy the needs of man
 Forest can be manage for single or multiple purposes
 Water and soil conservation
 To moderate the climate extremes
 To regulate water for hydal power generation,
agriculture irrigation, drinking water, industrial
utilization and aquaculture
 Wild life habitat and biodiversity
 Production of timber, fuel wood and fodder
 Non timber forest products e.g. medicinal plants, honey,
resin, nuts, fruits, mushrooms, mazri products etc
 Wind breaks/shelter belts to farms, residents, animals
 Recreation parks, eco-tourism
 Social forestry/Agro forestry
 Coniferous forests
 Scrub forest
 Riverain forests
 Mangroves forest
 Irrigated plantations
 linear plantations
a. Road side
b. Railway tract
c. Canal side
 Communal / private plantation
 COUNTRY % OF FOREST AREA
 Surinam 98%
 Solomon islands 9%
 Papua new guinea 85%
 Zaire 77%
 Finland 76%
 Bhutan 70%
 Japan 67%
 Indonesia 67%
 Brazil` 66%
 Fiji 65%
 Sweden 64%
 Congo 62%
 Malaysia 60%
 Cameroon 54%
 Central African republic 54%
 Panama 53%
 Zimbabwe 52%
 Bolivia 51%
 India 23%
 China 12%
 Pakistan 5.2%
Pakistan covers an area of 87.98 millions hectares, this
includes 4.75 millions hectares of forest constituting
5.2 percent of the total area
S.NO PROVINCE PERENTAGE
1 Gilgit Baltistan 27%
2 Khyber PushtonKhuwa 13.9%
3 AJK 4.8%
4 Sindh 4.8%
5 Punjab 3.1%
6 Baluchistan 2.1%
TOTAL 5.2%
 On the basis of ownership Forest of Pakistan
can be divided into two categories
 1. State owned forests
 2. Private owned forests
1. STATE FORESTS
a. Reserved forests
b. Protected forests
c. Reserved lawns
2. Private owned forests
a. Guzara forests
b. Communal forests
c. Chos Act forest
d. Section 38 areas
e. Farm forest area
(A) EARLY HISTORY
 Aryan early 2000 BC

 Agriculturists

Forests as obstruction
Forest free to all
No mention of forest conservancy
 Game preserve were established

 End of 18th century forests nominally

considered property of rulers

 Forest value under estimate
 Population increased, leanness of
agriculture
 Realization failure of local supply i.e timber
for shipping and dock yard
 Promotion to species teak and not to forest
 CAPTAIN WASTON
Forest conservation on 10.06.1806
 In 1807 First effort proclamation for forest
conservancy, shipping need
 Oak of England VS teak (1805)
 Record Bleak
 Unattended
 Most forest unexplored
 In 1847 Hazara annexed to Punjab
 In 1849 came under British rule
 Lord Dalhonise historical steps
 Emphasis on conservation
 Concept of management VS function of a
jungle
 In 1857 detailed rules for forest conservancy
were drawn such as
1. For domestic use police thana be informed
2. No clearing forest for cultivation without
deputy commission permission
3. Young trees and sapling prohibited
4. Brush wood free
 In 1865 first forest at a land mark replaced

all regulation in different provinces

 Provision for demarcation

 1872-73 regulation

 Reserve forest
 1864 IGF DR Brandis
 First ever working plan irrigated plan

 Sivan kaghan 1904-05

 REASONS

1. Inaccessibility
2. Farness of Resources
3. Lack of knowing
 PROTECTION (1901-1960)
1. Low population pressure
2. Lesser needs
3. Conservation main approach
4. Extension management
 COMMERCIALIZATION (1960-1975)

1. Timber focused management

2. Revenue
3. Less developmental activities
4. Output oriented
5. Contract system
 FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
(1975-1995)
1. Semi autonomous organization
2. Introduction mechanical operations
3. Logging in Hazara, Dir, Swat chitral and
AJK
 FOREST COOPORATIVES IN HAZARA
HARVESTING COOPERATIVE IN
KOHISTAN (1981-1992)
 Tarbela watershed management project
 Kaghan intensive forest management
project
 Kalam integrated development project
 Siran forestry development project
 Environmental rehabilitation project in
Swat, Bunnair, chitral , DirKohistan,
Abbotabad
 NWFP forestry sector project
 Mallakand-Dir social forestry project and
other UNHCR and USAID projects
 The adjective “SOCIAL” indicates the public
involvement in forest management defined as
“Any forest management strategy, which closely
involve local people in forestry and tree
growing activities for which people assume
the responsibility and from which they derive
benefits through their own efforts (1985)”
 In conventional forestry the focus is on the

wood and trees.

 Protection of trees from people (conventional

forestry)
Protection of trees for people (social forestry)
 People are mobilized
 Formation of social organization
 Generate capital from tree growth
 Integrate the revenue realized from natural
resources to
1. Rural physical infrastructure
2. Importance of livelihood
3. Conflict resolutions
4. Poverty reduction
5. Sustainable joint forest management
 Location: Malakand Agency and Dir district
 Period: 1987-2000
 Village development committees :66
 Women organization : 32
S no Particulars No
1. Hillside road 13
2. Power electricity generation 4
3. Drinking water supply 11
4. Irrigation channels 20
5. Aquaduct 2
6. Protection bund live spur 6
7. Street paving 3
8. Culvert 1
9. School boundary walls 1
10. Foot bridge 1
11. Reservoir for irrigation 1
12. Boys school water-tank 1
 The forestry sector is facing the following
challenges.
 Ever increasing population especially in

hilly region
 Ever increasing demand for firewood and

timber.
 Ever increasing cultivation on mountainous

slopes.
 Ever increasing ambition of owners and

Right-holders to encash trees by cutting

 Massive degradation of watersheds.
 Deforestation.
 Biodiversity and loss of natural habitat.
 Desertification.
 Prolong drought.
 Complex land tenure system.
 Lack of inter sectoral coordination.
 Political interference.
 Rising sea level (mangrove forest)
 Devasting floods.
 Fires.
 Shifting cultivation (Clearness of forests for
agriculture).
 Land use competition.
Agriculture, forestry, livestock, urbanization.
 Poverty.
 Lack of education and awareness.
 Less land holding.
 ill management of land.
 No alternative energy resources.
 Pollution.
 The physical, chemical and biological
conditions surrounding an organism
 Environment means:

a. Air, water, land.

b. All layers of the atmosphere.
 Land pollution
 Water pollution
 Air pollution
 Industrial pollution
 Noise pollution
 -Municipal wastes.
 -Industrial effluents and wastes
 -Agricultural chemicals
 -Industrial accidents
 -Natural disasters like flood, fires, eruptions
of volcanoes .
 -Construction and demolations
 -Mining wastes.
 -Nuclear and thermal wastes
 -Vehicular exhausts .
 Upper and lower respiratory system –nose, bronchus and
lungs
 Heart disease
 Cholera
 Typhoid
 Hepatitis /jaundice
 Kidney troubles
 TB
 Cancer
 Gastroenteritis
 Leprosy
 Skin ailments
 Diarrheas’
 Malaria
 Yellow fever
 Dengue
 Disturbed sleep
 Hyper tension
 Headache
 Somatic stress
 Nervous fatigue
 Gastric troubles
 Reduction in the mental and physical
efficiency
 Greenhouse effect
 The chief element of climate are
temperature, rainfall, wind and their
variations
 Amongst the three elements of climate,
temperature is the most important of all
 It is the result of GREENHOUSE effect
 Carbon dioxide
 Nitrogen oxide
 Methane
 Chlorofluoro carbons
 Ozone
 Water vapor’s
 The intensity of radiation is generally measured by
heat.
1. 42% of the radiation relieved at the periphery of the
atmosphere is reflected.
2. 47% is relieved at the earth surface.
3. The balance 11% is absorbed by the atmosphere .
 As gases locked up in the atmosphere, heat from
earth an not escape in atmosphere .this makes the
earth warmer and the phenomenon is called
greenhouse effect.
 The onset of the industrial revolution in 18th century
England , Europe and USA resulted in burning of
increasing amounts of a fossils fuels .
 Five gases are responsible for the bulk of the global
warming
 The faster population grows the hotter the world will get
 Low level Ozone produced by cars exhausts accounts for
8% of global warming
 Chlorofluoro carbons accounts for 20% of warming used
in refrigeration and air conditioning, aerosols,
pacuaging.
 Nitrous oxide emitted by humus decomposing rapidly
outer forest clearness and by the breakdown of nitrogen
fertilizers.
 Methane accounts for 16% of the warming effect, two
third (2/3) of emissions are from humus made sources ,
half of these come from decomposition in irrigated lands
and from the guts of livestock .
 Carbon dioxide is responsible for around half of global
warming, caused by the burning of forests and fossils
fuels.
 These emission come from
 Energy use =56.2%
 Agriculture=21.2%
 Refrigeration and cooling =15%
 Natural gases =0.5%
 Industry =1%
 Global mean temperature could rise by 2.6-
3c by the middle of next century
 Major carbon stores in billon tonnes
1. World vegetation= 560
2. World soil =15500
3. Atmosphere =735
4. Oceans =36000
5. Fossil fuel preserve =5000-10000
6. Plant respiration =50
7. Plant photosynthesis=100
8. Deforestation=2
9. Biomass decomposition =50
10. Biological emission =100
11. Chemical absorption =104
 Carbon dioxide in the air, which is major greenhouse gas
has been increasing since 1800.
 USA alone contributes 25% of total carbon emission
 With increased forestry Singapore has been able to
reduce the country temperature by 3 degree
 The plant are natural factories to consume carbon
dioxide and keep the environment clean
 The trees are extremely effect for absorbing the noise
pollution
 The forest, wetland and ocean are the sinks for the
greenhouse gases mitigating of green house effect
 Trees use carbon dioxide for their growth and release
oxygen in the air in its place
 Temperature is low in the forest
 Solar energy is converted into the bioenergy by plants
 The trees are said to Natural coolants
 2 billion population of the world use wood and coal for
meting the domestic needs
 Global warming
 Rise in sea level
 Fluctuation in frequency and intensity of
rainfall
 Rate of desertification will enhance leading
to decrease arable land
 On account of climate disturbance many
species of flora and fauna disappear from
the surface of the earth.
 Reduction in agriculture and forestry sectors
 North America and European countries generate about
90% while developing countries are responsible for 1%
of total global emission of Carbon dioxide
 The earth temperature will increase to the level of 18 c
by the end of 21th century
 The fluoride arsenic and mercury may cause death to
affected animals
 The leaves are the indicators of air pollution. plants are
the passive absorbers of pollutants
 Cultivatable land has been reduced by 25% between
1950 and 1977
 The population explosion is the result of industrial
reduction
 The multiple increase in population has pressurized the
resources beyond imagination
 Three(3) children are born every second
 No longer confined to forest land only
 No longer a single use timber only
 No longer confined to forest department
only
 No longer a single discipline activity
 No longer confined to Govt only
No longer can it be isolated from other
sectors
1.Mass deal with all sectors of economy
2.All the departments of Govt
3.To contribute for
 Protective
 Basic needs of local
 Rural development
 Poverty alleviation
 Amelioration of climate excess
 People not intervening but deciding factor
 Forester as facilitator and not dictator
 Work with people not for people
 Go for programme process and not physical output
oriented project
 Services delivery top down VS people participation
 People activate partners in all process and managers of
their resources
 Real knowledge skill and wisdom is with local people
 Environmental dimension to the rise and fall of nation
 Economic deficits are what we barrow from each others
while ecological deficits are what we take from future
generations (BROWN AMERICAN ECONOMIST)
 Forests has been called the foster mother of agriculture
 Trees are the lungs of the forest
 Concomitant additional requirements for man has lead
to deforestation and destruction of the natural habitat of
thousand species ,oil spills, industrial wastes
indiscriminate use of insecticides pesticides here
polluted water atmosphere and soil to an alarming level
unless serious practical measure are taken on a war
footing by all the nations of the world PLANET OF THE
APES may be the future to which we are condemning
our future generation (Dr.A.Q.KHAN DECEMDER
1977)
 Poets, Sufis, mystics and writers have drawn
inspiration from trees and the environment
there in
 Strategic role of forests
 If a person is provided with pure food, clean
water and pollution free environment, he
will attain the age of one thousand years.
(famous Arabian saying)
 A human being is just a part of nature, if
river can die and animals can die, humans
will also die(A Japanese saying)
 The planet best hope is to invest in adaptation
measures such as building sea defenses around
the cities that most vulnerable to sea level rises but
he is sceptic about the political will to do so (James
lovelock)
 George Monbiot author of the best selling book
“The age of consent talks about the Denial
industry” which is paid to say that man made
global warming is not happening .He cites four
cases:-
1. A coalition of US coal companies tried to persude
specially targeted groups of people that the climate
science is uncertain .
2. Patrick Michaels a climate science expert was paid
for denial by companies using coal as a fuel .
3.An Exxon-sponsored heartland institute report
contradicting the global warming was man made
listed 500 scientists in this support , the scientists
angrily demanded removal of their names but they
were not removed .
4. During the Bush presidency the White House
officials worked with oil companies to remove
unwanted regulators and doctored official
documents about climate change
The fact is that since the treaties have been signed to
reduce carbon dioxide emissions have increased by
24%
 Presently the world demand for electric power
is about four thousand Giga watts .
 A large segment of this energy comes from
burning fossil fuels like oil ,coal and Natural
gas which results production of carbon
dioxide .A greenhouse gas responsible for
global warming about 30 billion tons of which
is produced in a year from pollution and
industrial activity .
 Why is the world intensely resorting to energy
generation from fossil fuels when alternative
 Business stake of the oil industry is one factor global
industry is a multi-billion dollar enterprise that uses its clout
to pressure govt to acquire a favorable status for its
operations and products .Even environmental disasters
such as oil spills , air pollution and local land destruction are
overlooked.
 Oil cartels receive billions of dollars in subsidy . A
significant price distortion is introduced due to this
situation a direct result of this distortion in oil and coal
price is that fossil based electric power is cheaper in
comparison to renewable electric power .
 As long as the sun shines wind blows and water flows
we are assured of inexhaustible free energy
Total wind capacity of the world is expected to be about two
hundred GW and in the year 2020 will be 1900 GW .
 How much of this wind power shall benefit
Pakistan ?
 The coastal region of Sindh that extends to the
Indian border has extractable wind energy which
is more than enough to meet our national needs .
 Our country has more than three hundred sunny
days in a year and on an average that gives us one
of the best solar radiations .
 These source can be used for setting of wind and
solar farms .
 Our medium term renewable energy policy is
comprehensive and ready for application .
WHAT ARE WE WAITING FOR?????