Lesson 1 q2

Molecules of Life
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students

are expected to do the following with 80%
proficiency:
Explain organic compounds
Categorize the biomolecules according

to their structure and functions
Molecule
Compound
Cells of all living things are
made up of different types of
molecules. These molecules
both micro and
macromolecules are necessary
for the proper functioning of
the cell and the organism as a
whole.
Inorganic Compound Organic Compound
Do not contain C-H bonds contain C-H bonds
Mineral in nature Biological in nature
Have low melting and

Have higher melting and boiling point
boiling point
less soluble in water and

More soluble in water and
other polar solvents
other polar solvents
Larger and more complex

Smaller and less complex in
in structure
structure
Organic Compound
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acid and Proteins -

They are macromolecules composed of many
subunits such as simple sugar
(Carbohydrates),glycogen and fatty acids (Lipids),
nucleotides (Nucleic Acid), and amino acids
(Protein).
Dehydration synthesis-the process that joins

subunits together
- removal of H2O
Hydrolases- broken down macromolecules into

simple units.
-addition of H2O
1. CARBOHYDRATES
- composed of C, H, and O.
- major source are plants
- considered as the chief source
of energy in all organisms
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
 MONOSACCHARIDES
 POLYSACCHARIDES
 DISACCHARIDES
MONOSACCHARIDES
(Greek word monos - single,
sacchar - sugar)
- made up of one sugar unit.

-Example: Glucose, Galactose,
and Fructose
They are isomer because they
have same chemical formula but
different in structural formula
a. Glucose
-most common monosaccharides
- the only form of sugar used by the body to
provide energy to fuel all cellular process.
b. Galactose
- At certain times, galactose is converted by the
liver into glucose to provide energy when glucose
level is low.
C. Fructose
- found in fruits, honey, & corn syrups
- sweetest among the sugar
-used in commercial food industry as food
sweetener, flavor enhancer and increases shelf life
of frozen fruits and sweet food products.
DISACCHARIDES
- two monosaccharides joined
together through Dehydration
synthesis or removal of water.
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 - - - > C12H22O11 + H2O
The bond that joins simple sugars to

form disaccharides is called glycosidic
bond
Example: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

a. Sucrose
- commonly known as table sugar
- formed through the combination of glucose and fructose
- found in sugar cane, maple syrup and beets
- excellent natural preservatives
b. Lactose
- formed through combining glucose and galactose
- known as milk sugar
C. Maltose
- known as malt sugar & beer sugar
- formed by combining two glucose
- produced when mouth enzymes or called amylase break
down the starch found in the food that we eat.
- Maltase breaks down Maltose into glucose units.
POLYSACCHARIDES
- made up of more than ten

monosaccharides units
- longer and complex
- classified as structural and storage
polysaccharides
Structural Polysaccharides
are components of structural parts of living things such as cell
wall of plants & shells of animals.
Ex. Cellulose & Chitin
Cellulose composed the cell wall of plant cells

- provide support and protection
- most organisms cannot digest.
But ruminants, goats, sheep, & cattle can break down cellulose
with the aid of protozoan that live in their intestine
Chitin
Form the exoskeleton of some organisms, crabs, mollusks,
lobsters
Used as surgical threads
Storage Polysaccharides
serves as storage of energy
Ex. Starch and Glycogen
Starch
Is a storage polysaccharides in plants
Obtain from potatoes, wheat, bread,
pasta, rice and other bread products
Glycogen
Animal starch
Stored in the liver and muscle
When needed, Glycogen is converted to
glucose units to provide needed energy.
2.Lipids
Insoluble in water and soluble in nonpolar
solvents
hydrophobic
Complex and diverse group of organic
compounds.
FUNCTIONS :
Energy storage
insulation
Protection
cell membrane
hormone precursors
Ex. Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids

Fats & Oil
Triglycerides
subunit: 1 glycerol &
3 fatty acids
Fatty Acids
Acid group Hydrocarbon chain Methyl group

Phospholipids
1 glycerol & 2 fatty acids

Nucleic Acid
- complex macromolecules which
store information that determines the
type and structure of all specific
Proteins found in organisms body.
- Friedrich Miescher
- single unit is nucleotide
Nucleotide
Composed of phosphate group,
sugar group, and nitrogenous bases
(U, A, T, C, G)
- N-bases classified as Purines (A,G)
and Pyrimidines (T,U,C)
DNA
Double stranded nucleic acid/double
helix
the backbone is made up of phosphate
and sugar group
N-base pairs are within the DNA
structure
A - - T, T- - A, C--G, G--C
RNA
Single stranded nucleic acid
Backbone: phosphate and sugar
group
U--A, A--U, C--G, G--C
Proteins
Made up of amino acids.
Essential and Non-essential amino acids
Peptide bond
STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
Primary Proteins
linear polypeptide chain which does not achieve any folding state
Secondary Proteins
Proteins segments of repeatedly coiled or folded in specific patterns
such as alpha-helix or pleated sheets.
Tertiary Structure
3D conformation of proteins
Quaternary Structure
Final conformation of protein w/c consist of not only polypeptides.
Change through Denaturation
Refold again through renaturation

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Molecules of Life

At the end of the lesson, the students

Explain organic compounds

Categorize the biomolecules according

Do not contain C-H bonds contain C-H bonds

Mineral in nature Biological in nature

Have low melting and

less soluble in water and

Larger and more complex

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acid and Proteins -

Dehydration synthesis-the process that joins

Hydrolases- broken down macromolecules into

- made up of one sugar unit.

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 - - - > C12H22O11 + H2O

The bond that joins simple sugars to

Example: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

- made up of more than ten

Cellulose composed the cell wall of plant cells

Ex. Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids

Acid group Hydrocarbon chain Methyl group

1 glycerol & 2 fatty acids

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