PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Pre-Colonial Period
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Analyze context of some sources and its
contribution to understanding Philippine
History as a whole
• Develop an understanding of the great
contribution of the accounts of Antonio
Pigafetta and Juan de Plasencia in the
grand narrative of Philippine History.
§A Spanish Friar for the Franciscan order who was
in the Philippines for most of his missionary life
§Wrote several religious and linguistic books
including the Customs of the Tagalogs. Some may
know him for his work, Doctrina Cristiana
(Christian Doctrine) which was the first book ever
printed in the Philippines.
§Born in the early 16th century as Juan Portocarrero
in Plasencia, in the region of Extremadura, Spain
• Relacion de las Costumbres de
Los Tagalos (1589)
• La Santina
• Un tomo de sermones varios en
tagalog
Juan de Plasencia
 Society
Philippine pre-colonial society is both
different and the same as in the present.
Some aspects of the pre-colonial period
have survived into our time. The following
is a description of the way of life of pre-
colonial Filipinos.
 Mode of Dressing
• male attire was composed of the
kanggan (sleeveless jacket) and
bahag (loincloth)
• the color of the kanggan indicates
rank – red for the chief, black or
blue for the commoners
• men also wear a turban called
Bogobo man & woman putong, which also tell the social
status/achievement of the
individual wearing it
• female attire consisted of baro or
camisa (jacket with sleeves) and
saya or patadyong (a long skirt);
some women wore a piece of red
or white cloth on top of their skirt
called tapis
Kalinga & subuanon women
putong

Bogobo man
Ornaments
• men and women wore ornaments to
look attractive
• both wear kalumbiga, pendants,
bracelets, and leglets
• these ornaments were made of gold
• some wore gold fillings between the
teeth
• tattoos were also fashionable for some
pre-colonial Filipinos; they also exhibit
a man’s war record
• Islas del Pintados – term coined by the
Spaniards for the Visayans
Bontoc men
Houses
• built to suit the tropical
climate
• called bahay kubo, made of
wood, bamboo, and nipa
palm; it was built on stilts and
can be entered through
ladders that can be drawn up
• some Filipinos, such as the
Kalingas, Mandayas and
Bagobos built their houses
on treetops
• others, such as the Badjaos,
built their houses on boats
 Social Classes
• society was made up of
three classes: nobles
(made up of the datu and
their families), mahadlika
or maharlika (freemen) and
the alipin (dependents)
• members of the nobility
were addressed with the
title Gat or Lakan among
the Tagalogs
• alipin or dependents acquired their status by inheritance,
captivity, purchase, failure to settle debts, or by committing a
crime
• there were two kinds of dependents: aliping namamahay
and aliping sagigilid
• in the Visayas,
dependents
were of three
kinds : tumataban,
tumarampok, and
the ayuey
• Tumataban (on-call)
• Tumarampok (2 days)
• Ayuey (3 days)
Maguindanao Sultan, nobles &
Alipins
 Status of Women
• women in pre-colonial Philippine society
had the right to inherit property, engage in
trade and industry, and succeed to the
chieftainship of the barangay in the
absence of a male heir (male-preference
primogeniture)
• had the exclusive right to name their
children
• men walked behind them as a sign of
respect
 Marriage customs
• men were in general, monogamous; while their wives are
called asawa, while concubines are called “friends”
• in order to win the hand of his lady, the man has to show
his patience and dedication to both the lady and her
parents
• courtship usually begins with paninilbihan
• if the man wins the trust of the parents, he does not
immediately marry the woman, but he has to satisfy
several conditions:
- give a dowry or bigay-kaya
- pay the panghihimuyat
- pay the wet nurse bigay-suso
- pay the parents himaraw
- bribe for the relatives called sambon (among
the Zambals)
• once he had settled all of the above requirements,
he brings his parents to meet with the bride-to-be’s
parents to haggle and make the final arrangements;
this is called pamamalae or pamamanhikan or
pamumulungan
• the wedding ceremonies vary depending on the
status of the couple; but normally, those from the
upper class, a go-between was employed
– For the alipins: marriage proposal was enough
• weddings are officiated by the priestess or
babaylan
• uncooked rice is thrown on the couple after the
wedding ceremony
babaylan

Go to Religious Beliefs
 Marriage ceremony - eating rice

Tausog wedding
ceremony
• Muslim Filipinos have similar marriage customs; the
first stage was called pananalanguni or bethrothal; it
was followed by the consultation with the girl’s parents,
who relays their decision to the village chief, who in
turn informed the suitor’s parents of the decision
• dowry was also settled by the chief (pedsungud). This
was of seven kinds: 1. kawasateg, money given to the
bride’s close relatives; 2. siwaka, brassware given to
those who helped arrange the wedding; 3. enduatuan,
brassware or animals for the village chief; 4.
pangatulian, jewelry given to the bride’s mother and
aunts; 5. tatas, blade given to the girl’s uncle; 6.
langkad, money given to the girl’s parents as fine for
having bypassed the girl’s elder sister if she had any;
and 7. lekat, amount of money given to the girl’s
attendant.
• once everything is settled, the pegkawing, or the
wedding ceremony follows
• the wedding ceremony is officiated by the hadji
• six days of festivities followed, and only on the
seventh day could the couple sleep together

Muslim
wedding
Mixed Marriages, Inheritance and Succession
• mixed marriages were allowed in pre-colonial
society
• the status of children were dependent upon the
status of the parents
• often, the status of children in mixed marriages
is divided evenly between the parents
• single children of mixed marriage were half-free
and half-dependent
• legitimate children inherited their parents’
property even without any written will and was
divided equally among the children
• natural children inherited only a third of the
inheritance of legitimate children
– Today: ½ of a legitimate child's inheritance
• children of dependent mothers are given
freedom and a few things
• nearest relatives inherit the property of childless
couples
• in succession, the first son of the barangay
chieftain inherits his father’s position; if the first
son dies, the second son succeeds their father;
in the absence of male heirs, it is the eldest
daughter that becomes the chieftain
Politics
balangay
 Government
• Basic unit of government was the barangay,
which consisted of from 30 to 100 families. The
term came from the Malay word balangay,
meaning boat
• barangays were headed by chieftains called
datu
– Datus' power was based on the number of families,
not territory
• the subjects served their chieftain during wars,
voyages, planting and harvest, and when his
house needs to be built or repaired; they also
paid tributes called buwis
• the chief or datu was the chief executive, the
legislator, and the judge; he was also the supreme
commander in times of war
• alliances among barangays were common and
these were formalized in a ritual called sanduguan
• conflicts between or among barangays
were settled by
violence; those who
win by force is
always right
 Government in Muslim
Mindanao
• In Muslim Mindanao, there were also datus and
barangays, but these barangays answered to the sultans
of Sulu and Maguindanao
– Sultans only directly governed their immediate followers, so their
power came from their relationships with their datus
• In these sultanates, only the Sultan could declare war
and handle relations with foreigners
• The sultan relied on advice from the Ruma Bichara, a
council of elders
• Sultans were expected, according to Scott, to be loyal to
and skilled in Islam
• There were also visiting pandita (Islamic scholars) from
Arabia and the Malay world (Majul)
 Laws
• were either customary (handed down from generation to
generation orally) or written (promulgated from time to
time as necessity arose)
• dealt with various subjects such as inheritance, property
rights, divorce, usury, family relations, divorce, adoption,
loans, etc.
• those found guilty of crimes were punished either by fine
or by death; some punishments can be considered as
torture by modern standards
• however, it must be noted that ancients did not believe in
endangering society by letting loose a gang of thieves of
recidivists who are incapable of reform
– Unfortunately, the continuation of such beliefs leads to justifying
extrajudicial killings.
 Legislation

• before any law is made, the chief

consults/sumangguni with a council of
elders who approved of his plan
• they are not immediately enforced until the
new legislation is announced to the village
by the umalohokan, who also explains the
law to everyone
 Judicial Process
• disputes between individuals were settled by a
court made up of the village chief and the
council of elders; between barangays, a board
made up of elders from neutral barangays acted
as arbiter
• the accused and the accuser faced each other in
front of the “court” with their respective
witnesses
• both took an oath to tell the truth; most of the
time, the one who presents the most witnesses
wins the case
• if the losing party contests the decision, he is
bound to lose in the end because the chief
always take the side of the winner
 Trial by Ordeal
• to determine the innocence of an accused,
he is made to go through a number of
ordeals which he must pass
• examples include dipping one’s hand in
boiling water, holding a lighted candle that
must not be extinguished, plunging into a
river and staying underwater for as long as
possible, chewing uncooked rice and
spitting, etc.
• among the Ifugaos, ordeal by combat was
common, i.e. bultong (wrestling), alaw (duel)
bultong
Religion
 Religious Beliefs
• pre-colonial Filipinos believed in the immortality
of the soul and in life after death
• they also believed in the existence of a number
of gods whom they worship and made offerings
to according to rank
• i.e. Bathalang Maykapal (Creator), Idinayale
(god of agriculture), Sidapa (god of death),
Balangaw (rainbow god), Mandarangan (war
god), Agni (fire god) Lalahon (goddess of
harvest), Siginarugan (god of hell), Diyan
Masalanta (goddess of love), etc.
 Agni (India)

Bathala
• also showed respect for animals and
plants like the crocodile, crow,
tigmamanukin; some trees were not also
cut because they were thought to be
divine
• diseases were thought to be caused by
the temper of the environmental spirits
• Filipinos also venerated the dead by
keeping alive their memory by carving
idols of stone, gold or ivory called likha or
larawan; food, wine and other things were
also shared with the dead
• adored idols called anitos or diwatas to
whom they made offerings
• some anitos were considered bad;
however, they made offerings to them too
in order to appease them or placate their
anger
• priestesses such as the babaylan/ baylana
or katalona acted as mediums to
communicate with these spirits
 Burial
• the dead was placed in a wooden coffin
and buried under the house complete with
cloth, gold and other valuable things
• upon the death of the person, fires were
made under the house and armed men
acted as sentinels to guard the corpse
from sorcerers
• professional mourners were hired to
accentuate the depth of mourning
• sometimes, the relatives of the dead wore
rattan bands around their arms, legs and
necks and they abstained from eating
meat and drinking wine
• the ancients distinguished mourning for a
woman from that of a man – morotal (for
women) and maglahi (for men)
• mourning for a dead chief is called laraw,
and this was accompanied by certain
prohibitions like engaging in petty quarrels,
wars, carrying daggers with hilts in the
normal position, singing in boats coming
from the sea or river, and wearing loud
clothes
• some ancients fasted and limited their
nutrition to vegetables; among the
Tagalogs, this is called sipa
• relatives of the dead who was murdered
would not end their mourning until they
have exacted vengeance or balata
• the celebration held on the ninth night after
the death of the person is called pasiyam,
in which a play called tibaw is staged to
honor the dead
Divination and Magic Charms
• ancient Filipinos are quite superstitious
and put much stock into auguries, and
magic charms
• they interpreted signs in nature like the
flight of birds, the barking of dogs, the
singing of lizards, and the like, as good or
bad omens depending on the
circumstances
• they also consulted with the pangatauhan,
or soothsayers, to tell their fortunes
• there was also a belief in the existence of
the aswang, mangkukulam,
manggagaway, tiyanak, and the tikbalang
• amulets and charms were also used by
the ancients like the anting-anting,
gayuma, odom or tagabulag, wiga or
sagabe, and tagahupa
• these beliefs were not eradicated with the
coming of Western civilization and most of
them were practiced behind the backs of
the Christian missionaries
• the result was a blending of pagan and
Christian beliefs that made Filipino
Catholicism unique
Economic
Life
 Agriculture
• main source of livelihood
• rice, coconuts, sugar cane, cotton, hemp,
bananas, oranges, and many species of
fruits and vegetables were grown
• done in two ways : kaingin system (slash
and burn) and tillage
• when the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, they noted that Cebu and
Palawan were abundant in many
agricultural foodstuffs
• agricultural productivity was enhanced
by use of irrigation ditches like those
found in the Ifugao Rice Terraces
• landholding was either public (less
arable land that could be tilled freely
by anyone) and private (rich and
cultivated lands belonging to nobles
and datus)
• some rented land and paid in gold or in
kind
• the daily fare consisted of rice and boiled
fish, or sometimes pork or venison,
carabao or wild buffalo meat
• fermented the sap of palm trees and drank
it as liquor called tuba
– Later on, our ancestors learned to distill
tuba to create lambanog
Livestock
• Pre-colonial Filipinos raised chickens,
pigs, goats, carabaos, and small native
ponies
 Fishing
• was a thriving industry for those who live
in the coast or near rivers and lakes
• various tools for fishing such as nets,
bow and arrow, spear, wicker basket,
hooks and lines, corrals and fish poisons
were used
• pearls fisheries are abundant in Sulu
 Fishing
with bow
& arrow

Mining
• comparatively developed before the coming of the
Spaniards
• the ancients mined gold in many parts of the archipelago
and were traded throughout the country and with other
countries
 Lumbering and Shipbuilding
• were flourishing
industries
• Filipinos were said to be
proficient in building
ocean-going vessels
• all kinds of boats or
ships were built, which
the Spaniards later call
banca, balangay, lapis,
caracoa, virey, vinta and
prau
 Weaving
• home industry
that was
dominated
by women
• using crude
wooden looms,
textiles such as
sinamay from hemp, medrinaque from
banana, cotton, linen, and silk, were woven
 Trade
• was conducted between or among barangays, or even
among the islands
• there was trade too with other countries such as
China, Siam, Japan, Cambodia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java,
and other islands of old Malaysia
• Several Sulu Sultans even sent tribute missions to China
• did not use any currency but conducted trade through
barter
• sometimes, goods were priced in terms of gold or metal
gongs
• Chinese traders noted that Filipinos were very honest in
their commercial transactions
 Culture
Philippine pre-colonial culture was basically
Malayan in structure and form. They had
written language which was used not just
for communication but also for literary
expression. They also had music and
dances for almost all occasions and a wide
variety of musical instruments that shows
their ingenuity.
 Languages
• there are more than one hundred
languages in the Philippines, eight of
which are considered major languages.
They are: Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan,
Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon,
Samarnon or Samar-Leyte, and
Magindanao
• these languages are descended from
Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian
language
• the differences might be accounted for the
need to forming new words and phrases to
fit the new environment
• many of the words or terms in Filipino
languages were derived from Malay
(Bahasa)
– Ex. Ako (Aku in Bahasa), Mura, Mahal, Buwan
(Buan in Bahasa) Taon (Tahun in Bahasa)
 System of Writing
• before the arrival of the Spaniards,
Filipinos used a syllabary which was
probably of Sanskrit or Arabic provenance
• the syllabary consisted of seventeen
symbols, of which three were vowels and
fourteen consonants
• no one is certain about the direction of
writing
• Fr. Pedro Chirino’s theory is that the
ancients wrote from top to bottom and
from left to right
• pre-colonial Filipinos wrote on bark of trees, on
leaves and bamboo tubes, using their knives
and daggers, pointed sticks or iron as pens and
the colored saps of trees as ink
– Morga and Chirino: precolonial natives were literate in
their own language
• only a few of these writings survive into the
present because of the perishable nature of the
materials
– The earliest writings in the baybayin script date back
to the early Spanish period
• some pieces of literature, however, have been
handed down to us orally
• Ironically, the early
Spanish missionaries
preserved indigenous
scripts (Ambeth
Ocampo)
• The Doctrina Christiana
contained Baybayin
• The Archivo de la
Universidad de Santo
Tomas has the oldest
existing baybayin
documents
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
By Hector Santos
http://isanghamahal.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archive.html
Antoon Postma, a Dutch national who has lived most of his life among the Mangyans
in the Philippines and the director of the Mangyan Assistance & Research Center in
Panaytayan, Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro, was able to translate the writing. His effort
is all the more remarkable when you consider that the text was in a language similar
to four languages (Sanskrit, Old Tagalog, Old Javanese, and Old Malay) mixed
together…
The text was written in Kavi, a mysterious script which does not look like the ancient
Tagalog script known as baybayin or alibata. Neither does it look similar to other
Philippine scripts still used today by isolated ethnic minorities like the Hanunóos and
the Buhids of Mindoro, and the Tagbanwas of Palawan. It is the first artifact of pre-
Hispanic origin found in the Philippines that had writing on copper material…
Postma's translation provides a lot of exciting surprises. Like most other copperplate
documents, it gives a very precise date from the Sanskrit calendar which
corresponds to 900 A.D. in our system. It contains placenames that still exist around
the Manila area today. It also lists the names of the chiefs of the places mentioned.
The placenames mentioned prove the Philippine connection of the LCI. The names
are still recognizable today although almost eleven centuries have passed since the
document was issued. The placenames are Pailah (Paila), Tundun (Tundo), Puliran
(Pulilan), Binwangan (Binwangan), Dewata (Diwata), and Medang (Medang)…
Laguna copperplate inscription
Indonesian Kawi Script
 Literature
• pre-colonial literature may be classified into :
floating or oral and written literature
• Tagalogs have the bugtong (riddle), suliranin
and indulanin (street songs), sabi (maxim),
sawikain (saying), talindaw (boat songs), diyuna
(song of revelry), kumintang (war song which
evolved into a love song), dalit and umbay
(dirge), tagumpay, balikungkong, dupayinin and
hiliraw (war songs), uyayi and hele (lullabies),
ihiman (bridal song), tagulaylay (mournful song),
tigpasin (rowing song), tingad (household song),
and kutang-kutang (couplets usually chanted by
the blind)
• songs, dance and the drama probably
developed simultaneously
• most of the pre-colonial drama was held in
the sambahan or places of worship
• these dealt with various subjects including
love, war, legends, the memory of the
deceased, and war heroes
• dramas developed into different forms such as
the pagbati, karagatan, tagayan, pananapatan,
sabalan, and tibaw
• the karagatan was a debate in verse in which a
problem is resolved; it developed into the duplo
during the Spanish period and then into the
balagtasan in 1924 during the American period
– Balagtasan became the modern-day Fliptop because
of the influence of hip-hop and rap culture
• tibaw on the other hand is performed during the
pasiyam
• Maranaw literature, inspired by Islam,
consisted of tutul (folk tale), tubad-tubad
(short love poems), pananaro-on (sayings
and proverbs), sowa-sowa-i (drama),
antoka (riddle or puzzle), and darangan
(epic poetry)
• Ilocano literature, for its part, has many
kinds of songs sung on different
occasions; this include dal-ot (song during
baptismal party, wedding, or a feast),
badeng (love song sung in a serenade),
and dung-aw (dirge)
• Filipinos were fond of composing epic
poetry, which is why the country is unique
for having more than twenty epic poems.
Examples of this are Hudhud and Alim
(Ifugao), Biag ni Lam-Ang (The Life of Lam-
Ang / Ilocano), Bantugan,
Indarapatra at Sulayman, and
Bidasari
(Moslems)

Igorots
reciting
Hudhud
 Princess
Lanawen
to be won
by Prince
Bantugan

Princess Bidasari story is like Snow White’s

Indarapata &
Sulayman
 Music and Dance
• Filipinos are naturally fond of both music
and dance, and usually, whenever music
is played, it is accompanied by dance
• some examples of pre-colonial musical
instruments include kudyapi (Tagalog), bansic
or a cane with four holes and gangsa or a small
guitar (Negritos of Luzon), abafii a Malay music
instrument (Igorots), gongs, Jews harp, bamboo
flute, kutibeng or a guitar
with five strings (Ilocano),
kalaleng or a nose flute
and diwdiw-as or pan
pipe made of seven
bamboos reeds
(Tinguians)
• examples of the native dances, which
depict different events include Potato
Dance, Torture Dance, Duel Dance,
Lovers Dance (Negritos); macasla dance
(Tagbanua), kinnotan or ant’s dance and
the kinnallogong or hat dance (Ilocano);
balitaw and dandansoy (Visayan);
balatong, dalit, hiliraw, kutang-kutang,
lulay, indulanin, kumintang, salampati,
tagulaylay, subli, barimbaw, and tagayan
(Tagalog)
• this shows that Filipinos have songs
and dances for almost all occasions
and because of their frequent
association, their social organization
was more well-knit than it is today
• Even today, every Filipino party has
a karaoke machine
Art

• first glimpse can be seen in primitive tools

and weapons that were polished along
the lines of leaves and petals of flowers
• can also be seen in beads, amulets,
bracelets, and other ornaments made of
jade, red cornelian, and other stones
• dyed and ornamented their barkcloth with
designs of attractive colors
• in the Iron Age, aside from armlets,
bracelets, rings, and headbands, tattoos
also became fashionable; metals and
glass also came into use; weaving
became a preoccupation for women;
weapons were manufactured with designs
on their handles; pottery with incised
designs were made; and carvings made of
wood, bone, ivory or horn were also done
not only for the use of the living but also of
the dead
Sarimanok

utensils

gangsa
• the zigszag designs on ancient lime tubes
and the ornamental carvings on combs
reflect Negrito influence
• Indonesian influence can be seen in the
apparel of the Kalingas, Maranaos,
Manobos and Bagobos
• Malay influence can be traced to the
wood carvings found in utensils, boats,
and wooden shields of the people of Sulu,
Mindanao and Mountain Province
Igorot
shields
• Islamic influence can be gleaned from the
ornamental and decorative art of the
Lanao Muslims; most represent geometric
and plant designs because Islam is
iconoclastic
• Ifugao art deals with human and
animal representations but not fish and
plant forms; Ifugao art is functional
Igorot
bamboo
art
 Sources
• wikipedia.org
• tribo.org
• apat-na-alon-tribe.com
• aenet.org
• elaput.org
• filipiniana.net
• veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov
• phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
• kheper.net
• msuiit.edu.ph
• seasite.niu.edu
• philippines.hvu.nl
• kabayancentral.com
• filipinoheritage.com
• malignosrealm.netfirms.com
• sinemamalaysia.com.my
• sacred-texts.com/hin/iml/iml07.htm
• reflectionsofasia.com/anting_anting.htm
• gutenberg.org/files/12849/12849-h/12849-h.htm
• isanghamahal.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archive.html
• geocities.com/sanduguan/maharlika/maharlika.htm
• skyinet.net/~taomusic/gracenono/taofoundation.html
 LESSONS TO PONDER

• *Do not forget what you are before

• *Value the richness of culture, traditions and
belief of our ancestors for they will give us the
answer of today's picture of society
• *Philippines is already doing good and has its
own unique way of living despite the slow
progress.
• *Concept such as justice, respect, and
adherence was ingrained to us.