Concentration of Solutions

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
BY
DR N. KHANYILE
Concentration
CONCENTRATION is a general measurement unit stating
the amount of solute in a known amount of solution.
𝑛
𝐶=
𝑉
Common units for reporting
concentration
Concentration
1. Molarity (M) (Molar concentration)
Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of
moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of a solution
Molarity = No. of moles of solute

Volume of Solution in litres
Molarity = number of milimoles of

solute number of millilitres of
solution
Molarity is represented by the symbol M.
Exercise
Calculate the molarity (M) of a solution that contains 3.65

grams of HCl in 2.00 litres of solution.
Example
• Calculate the molarity (M) of a solution that
contains 3.65 grams of HCl in 2.00 litres
of solution.
Solution:
Molarity = mol HCl = 3.65g HCl x 1 mol HCl
L 2.00
L
35.45 g HCl
= 0.0500 mol/L
Molality
2. Molality (m)
Molality of a solution is defined as the number
of moles of solute
dissolved in 1000 grams (or 1 kg) of a Solvent.
Mathematically,
Number of moles of solute

Molality =
Mass of solvent in
kilograms
Mole fraction
• Mole fraction of A (XA) = nA/ntot
• Amount of component A/total components
• Solution contains 1.00 mol ethanol and 9.00 mol water.
1.00
X ethanol = = 0.100
(1.00+9.00)
9.00
X water = = 0.900
(1.00+9.00)
= 1.000
Xethanol + Xwater
Weight percent
solute mass
100%
solution mass
• Example: 46.1 g ethanol & 162 g water
46.1g
Weight % ethanol =  100% = 22.2%
(46.1g+162g)
A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2
or more substances
The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in
the smaller amount(s)
The solvent is the substance present in the
larger aSomutlooni unt
4.1
SOLUTIO
N
Solvent
solute
s
Concentration of Solutions
Molarity (M), or molar concentration, is defined as the
number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
moles solute
molarity =
liters solution
Other common
rearrangements
: mol
L=
M
mol = M L
Exercise
For an aqueous solution of glucose (C6H12O6), determine
(a) the molarity of 2.00 L of a solution that contains 50.0 g of
glucose,
HINT: Determine the molar mass of glucose using a periodic
table.
(b) the volume of this solution that would contain 0.250 moles
of glucose, and
(c) the number of moles of glucose in 0.500 L of this solution.
EXAMPLE
For an aqueous solution of glucose (C6H12O6), determine (a) the molarity of
2.00 L of a solution that contains 50.0 g of glucose, (b) the volume of this solution that would contain
0.250 moles of glucose, and (c) the number of moles of glucose in 0.500 L of this solution.
Strategy Convert the mass of glucose given to moles, and use

the equations for inter-conversions of M, liters, and moles to
calculate the answers.
𝑚
𝑛= =moles of glucose = 50.0 g
𝑀𝑟
Solution 180.2 g/mol = 0.277 mol
0.277 mol C6 H12O6
(a) molarity = = 0.139 M
2.00 L
solution
0.250 mol C6H12O6 = 1.80 L
(b) volume =
0.139 mol/L solution
(c) moles of C6H12O6 in 0.500 L = 0.500 L×0.139 M = 0.0695 mol
4.5
DILUTIONS
Add Solvent
Moles of solute Moles of solute

before dilution (i) = after dilution
(f)
4.5
Example
How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.2 M HNO3 from a stock
solution of 4.00 M HNO3?
MiVi = MfVf
Mi = 4.00 Mf = 0.2 Vf = 0.0600 L Vi = ? L
MfVf
Vi =
Mi = 0.2 x4.00
0.0600
= 0.003 L = 3 mL
3 mL of acid + 57 mL of water = 60 mL of
solution
Exercise
If 32 mL stock solution of 6.5 M H2SO4 is diluted

to a volume of 500 mL. What would be the
resulting concentration?
Another Dilution Example
If 32 mL stock solution of 6.5 M H2SO4 is diluted to a
volume of 500 mL. What would be the resulting
concentration?
M1*V1 = M2*V2
(6.5M) * (32 mL) = M2 * (500.0 mL)
M2 =6.5 M mL
500 * 32 mL
M2 = 0.42
M
Dilution is the process of preparing a less concentrated
solution from a more concentrated one.
moles of solute before dilution = moles of solute after dilution

In an experiment, a student needs 250.0 mL of a 0.100 M CuCl2 solution. A stock
solution of 2.00 M CuCl2 is available. How much of the stock solution is needed?
Solution: Use the relationship that moles of solute before dilution = moles of solute
after dilution.
Mc × Lc = Md × Ld
(2.00 M CuCl2)(Lc) = (0.100 M CuCl2)(0.2500 L) Lc = 0.0125 L or 12.5 mL

To make the solution:
1)Pipet 12.5 mL of stock solution into a 250.0 mL volumetric flask.

2)Carefully dilute to the calibration mark.
Because most volumes measured in the laboratory are

in milliliters rather than liters, it is worth pointing out
that the equation can be written as:
Mc × mLc = Md × mLd
What volume of 12.0 M HCl, a common
laboratory stock solution, must
be used to prepare 150.0 mL of 0.125 M HCl?
Example
What volume of 12.0 M HCl, a common laboratory stock solution, must
be used to prepare 150.0 mL of 0.125 M HCl?
Strategy Mc = 12.0 M, Md = 0.125 M, mLd = 250.0 mL
Solution
12.0 M × mLc = 0.125 M × 250.0 mL
mLc = 0.125 M × 250.0 mL = 2.60
mL 12.0 M
Weight, Volume, and Weight-to- Volume Ratios
• Weight percent (% w/w), volume percent (% v/v), and weight-

to-volume percent (% w/v) express concentration as the units
of solute present in 100 units of solution.
• A solution of 1.5% w/v NH4NO3, for example, contains 1.5
gram of NH4NO3 in 100 mL of solution.
Standard Solution
• A solution with an accurately known concentration is called a
standard solution.
• You can not simply make a standard solution by dissolving a
measured mass of a substance in water to give a known
volume of solution. It just doesn’t always work.
• Only a few chemicals encountered can do this, many chemicals
are impure as they react with the atmosphere or decompose
Standard Solutions
• Substances that are so pure that the amount of substance, in
mole, can be calculated accurately from their mass are called
primary standards.
• A primary standard should:
– Be readily obtainable in pure form
– Have a known formula
– Be easy to store without deteriorating or reacting with the atmosphere
– Have a high molecular mass to minimise the effect of errors with
weighing
– Be inexpensive
Standard Solutions
Volumetric Analysis
• Helps us to find the amount of a substance in solution
• Volumetric analysis involves reacting a measured volume of a
standard solution with a measured volume of the solution of
unknown concentration.
• Ideally, the solutions are mixed until they have completely
reacted in the mole ratio indicated by the stoichiometric
equation.
1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 2 mol

Volumetric Analysis
Equivalence point
• The equivalence point is the point during the titration when
the solutions have been mixed in the mole ratio shown by the
reaction equation.
Example
2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
The equivalence point is reached when the mole ratio n(HCl) :
n(Ca(OH)2) = 2:1
So n(HCl) = 2n(Ca(OH)2)
Equivalence point and end point
• An indicator must be used in acid-base titrations to
detect the equivalence point.
• The change in colour during a titration is the end point
• So you need an indicator with an end point which
closely matches the equivalence point.
Accuracy
• There are always errors associated with measurements made
during experimental work.
• Typical uncertainties associated with volumetric analysis
are:
– 20 mL pipette ±0.05 mL
– Burette ±0.02 mL for each reading
– 250.0 mL volumetric flask ±0.3 mL
Accuracy in titrations
• We always do 3 concordant titres. Why?
• This is because the volume of a single drop from a burette
is about 0.05 mL.
• So each concordant titre is within a drop of each other.
• Remember we always use the average titre.
Homework
• What are the possible sources of error during a titration
experiment? How can they be eliminated/minimized?
• What are the indicators used in a strong acid- strong base
titration?

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CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

Molarity = No. of moles of solute

Molarity = number of milimoles of

Calculate the molarity (M) of a solution that contains 3.65

Number of moles of solute

Strategy Convert the mass of glucose given to moles, and use

Moles of solute Moles of solute

Mi = 4.00 Mf = 0.2 Vf = 0.0600 L Vi = ? L

If 32 mL stock solution of 6.5 M H2SO4 is diluted

moles of solute before dilution = moles of solute after dilution

(2.00 M CuCl2)(Lc) = (0.100 M CuCl2)(0.2500 L) Lc = 0.0125 L or 12.5 mL

1)Pipet 12.5 mL of stock solution into a 250.0 mL volumetric flask.

Because most volumes measured in the laboratory are

• Weight percent (% w/w), volume percent (% v/v), and weight-

1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 2 mol

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