Concentration of Solutions
Concentration of Solutions
Concentration of Solutions
BY
DR N. KHANYILE
Concentration
CONCENTRATION is a general measurement unit stating
the amount of solute in a known amount of solution.
𝑛
𝐶=
𝑉
Common units for reporting
concentration
Concentration
1. Molarity (M) (Molar concentration)
Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of
moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of a solution
Solution:
Molarity = mol HCl = 3.65g HCl x 1 mol HCl
L 2.00
L
35.45 g HCl
= 0.0500 mol/L
Molality
2. Molality (m)
Molality of a solution is defined as the number
of moles of solute
dissolved in 1000 grams (or 1 kg) of a Solvent.
Mathematically,
solute mass
100%
solution mass
• Example: 46.1 g ethanol & 162 g water
46.1g
Weight % ethanol = 100% = 22.2%
(46.1g+162g)
A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2
or more substances
The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in
the smaller amount(s)
The solvent is the substance present in the
larger aSomutlooni unt
4.1
SOLUTIO
N
Solvent
solute
s
Concentration of Solutions
Molarity (M), or molar concentration, is defined as the
number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
moles solute
molarity =
liters solution
Other common
rearrangements
: mol
L=
M
mol = M L
Exercise
For an aqueous solution of glucose (C6H12O6), determine
(a) the molarity of 2.00 L of a solution that contains 50.0 g of
glucose,
HINT: Determine the molar mass of glucose using a periodic
table.
(b) the volume of this solution that would contain 0.250 moles
of glucose, and
(c) the number of moles of glucose in 0.500 L of this solution.
EXAMPLE
For an aqueous solution of glucose (C6H12O6), determine (a) the molarity of
2.00 L of a solution that contains 50.0 g of glucose, (b) the volume of this solution that would contain
0.250 moles of glucose, and (c) the number of moles of glucose in 0.500 L of this solution.
Add Solvent
4.5
Example
How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.2 M HNO3 from a stock
solution of 4.00 M HNO3?
MiVi = MfVf
MfVf
Vi =
Mi = 0.2 x4.00
0.0600
= 0.003 L = 3 mL
3 mL of acid + 57 mL of water = 60 mL of
solution
Exercise
M2 = 0.42
M
Concentration of Solutions
Dilution is the process of preparing a less concentrated
solution from a more concentrated one.
Solution: Use the relationship that moles of solute before dilution = moles of solute
after dilution.
Mc × Lc = Md × Ld
Mc × mLc = Md × mLd
What volume of 12.0 M HCl, a common
laboratory stock solution, must
be used to prepare 150.0 mL of 0.125 M HCl?
Example
What volume of 12.0 M HCl, a common laboratory stock solution, must
be used to prepare 150.0 mL of 0.125 M HCl?
Strategy Mc = 12.0 M, Md = 0.125 M, mLd = 250.0 mL
Solution
12.0 M × mLc = 0.125 M × 250.0 mL
mLc = 0.125 M × 250.0 mL = 2.60
mL 12.0 M
Weight, Volume, and Weight-to- Volume Ratios