Chemical Calculations IV - Solution Stoichiometry.
Chemical Calculations IV - Solution Stoichiometry.
Chemical Calculations IV - Solution Stoichiometry.
or
or
X-2
10.0
= 0.0943 mol
(2 22.99 + 12.01 + 3 16.00)
moles of solute
volume of solution in litres
then the volume containing a specified amount of solute is given by the expression
volume in litres = moles of solute = 0.0943 = 0.210 L or 210 mL
molarity
0.450
The next set of examples shows how stoichiometric calculations can be carried out
when solutions are involved.
X-3
2NaOH
Na2SO 4
2H 2O
Step 2: Write down the mole ratios of the known and unknown species.
1 mol
2 mol
Step 3: From step 2, deduce number of moles of the unknown (NaOH) that requires
1 mole of the standard (H2SO 4) for complete reaction. This number is known as the
EQUATION FACTOR.
1 mole of standard requires 2 moles of unknown. equation factor = 2
Step 4: Calculate the moles of standard reacting.
Moles of H2SO4 in 20.05 mL = volume (in litres) molarity
= 0.02005 0.104 mol = 2.085 103 mol
Step 5: Using the equation factor, calculate the moles of unknown reacting.
As 1 mole of H2SO4 uses 2 moles of NaOH,
then moles of NaOH needed = 2 2.085 103 mol = 4.170 103 mol
Step 6: From the volume of NaOH solution used, its concentration can now be
deduced.
As 4.170 103 mole of NaOH are in 25.00 mL, then
concentration of NaOH = moles = 4.170 103 = 0.167 M
litres
0.02500
Na2CO 3
2HCl
2NaCl
CO 2 +
H 2O
2 mol
X-4
1 mol
equation factor = 1
Moles of AgNO3 = volume in litres molarity
= 0.02140 0.962 mol
= 0.02059 mol
From the equation factor, 1 mole of NaCl requires 1 mole of AgNO 3
moles of NaCl = 0.02059 mol
1000 mL NaCl solution contains 0.0823 mole NaCl
1000 / 0.0823 mL of NaCl solution contains 1 mole NaCl
and
X-5
2.
3.
SUMMARY
Reactions between species in solution (solutes) can be used as a convenient basis
for one form of chemical analysis, called volumetric analysis, because volumes are
easier and quicker to measure than mass. The amount of solute per unit volume of
solution is called its concentration and therefore concentration is independent of the
volume of solution taken. The amount of solute in a given volume of a solution is
the product of the volume taken and the concentration of the solute in the solution.
The concentration of a solution can be expressed in a number of ways, but the most
common in chemical analysis is as the number of moles of solute per litre of
solution, called the molarity of the solution. Thus the molarity of a given solute in
a solution is the number of moles of that solute divided by the number of litres of
the solution. Conversely, the number of moles of the solute in a given volume is its
molarity multiplied by the volume of solution.
Using the concept of concentration, stoichiometric calculations can be done by
basically the same procedure as used earlier except that the amount of each reacting
solute is obtained from its molarity and volume reacting.
X-6
X-7
13. Hydrochloric acid (23.95 mL) reacts completely with sodium carbonate
(0.217g). Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid.
14. What volume of sulfuric acid (0.171 M) would be required to react completely
with 0.217 g of sodium carbonate?
15. Calculate the molarity of a sodium chloride solution, 25.00 mL of which
requires 21.40 mL of silver nitrate (0.0962 M) to reach an end point. [Note that
this is not an acid/base reaction but a precipitation reaction - see Topic 6.]
16. A solution of potassium permanganate containing 79.0 g of solute dissolved in
water to give a total volume of 1.00 L is prepared.
(a) Calculate the molarity of the solution.
(b) The solution is then diluted to a final volume of 4.00 L. Calculate the molarity
of the new solution.
(c) Calculate the number of MnO 4 ions present in 1.00 mL of the final solution.
0.108 mol
2.
8.77 g
3.
0.330 M
4.
3.45 g
5.
0.65 L
6.
3.7 mL
7.
0.600 M
8.
0.400 M
9.
5.94 g
10.
93.8 mL
11.
0.333 M
12.
6.53 mL
13.
0.171 M
14.
12.0 mL
15.
0.0823 M
16.
(a) 0.500 M
(b) 0.125 M
X-8
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1. Amount of solute = volume of solution concentration
If amount is expressed in moles and concentration in moles/litre (mol L1 or M),
then moles of solute = molarity volume in litres
= 0.864 0.125 mol
= 0.108 mol
2. First the number of moles of sodium chloride must be calculated from the
volume and concentration of the solution and then the mass can be deduced.
Volume = 1.50 103 mL = 1.50 L
Concentration = 0.100 M
Amount (mol) = molarity (M) volume (L)
= 0.100 1.50 = 0.150 mol
Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g mol1
mass = moles molar mass = 0.150 58.44 = 8.77 g
3. The mass of sodium hydroxide must first be converted to moles and then the
molarity of the solution can be deduced.
Molar mass of NaOH = 40.0 g mol1
moles of NaOH = mass / molar mass
= 4.62 / 40.0 = 0.1155 mol
Volume = 350 mL = 0.350 L
Molarity of NaOH in solution = moles of NaOH / volume (L)
= 0.1155 / 0.350 = 0.330 M
4. Given the volume of solution and its concentration, the number of moles of
formic acid, HCOOH, can be calculated and thence the mass required.
Concentration = 0.0750 M
Volume = 1.00 L
Moles of HCOOH = concentration (M) volume (L)
= 0.0750 1.00 = 0.0750 mol
Molar mass of HCOOH = 46.0 g mol1
Mass of formic acid = moles molar mass = 0.0750 46.0 = 3.45 g
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