Integral Calculus

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Topic

Area between curves

2
Need to know

• Basic idea of integral calculus

• Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
• where the graph of is the upper curve and
the graph of is the lower curve
• where the graph of is the rightmost curve
and the graph of is the leftmost curve

3
Basic idea of Integral Calculus

• Cut into smaller pieces

• Do something with those small pieces
• Add them up
• Take the limit such that the number of the
small pieces approaches to infinity or the
size of the small pieces approaches to zero

4
The Definite Integral: Definition
Definition of a Definite Integral If f is a function defined for a ≤ x ≤ b, we
 b  a
divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals of equal width x  n .
We let x0(= a), x1, x2, . . . , xn (= b) be the endpoints of these subintervals and
we let x1*, x2*, . . . , xn* be any sample points in these subintervals, so xi* lies
in the ith subinterval [xi −1, xi ]. Then the definite integral of f from a to b is
𝑛
lim ∑ 𝑓 ( 𝑥∗𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1

provided that this limit exists and gives the same value for all possible choices
of sample points. If it does exist, we say that f is integrable on [a, b]. We can
also write the definite integral in the following way

lim
𝑛→ ∞
[ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ∆ 𝑥+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∆ 𝑥+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∆ 𝑥+⋯⋯+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∆ 𝑥]
∗
1
∗
2
∗
3
∗
𝑛

5
 The Definite Integral: Geometric Interpretation
𝑏

∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 is the NET area bounded by

𝑎

𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) , 𝑦 =0 , 𝑥=𝑎 , 𝑥=𝑏

𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥) ,

𝑥=𝑎 𝑥=𝑏
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The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The first part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is the

following.

Using Leibniz notation for derivatives, we can write this

theorem as

when f is continuous.
7
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The second part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

which follows easily from the first part, provides us with a
much simpler method for the evaluation of integrals.

8
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Part 2

Conditions:
• Interval [a,b] is a closed interval
• f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b]

Conclusion:

where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x)

9
Areas Between Curves
Consider the region S that lies between two curves
y = f (x) and y = g(x) and between the vertical lines x = a and
x = b, where f and g are continuous functions and
f (x)  g(x) for all x in [a, b]. (See Figure 1.)

Figure 1

S = {(x, y) | a  x  b, g(x)  y  ƒ(x)}

10
Areas Between Curves
We divide S into n strips of equal width and then we
approximate the i th strip by a rectangle with base x and
height f (xi*) – g(xi*). (See Figure 2. If we like, we could take
all of the sample points to be right endpoints, in which
case xi* = xi.)

Figure 2

11
Areas Between Curves

The Riemann sum

is therefore an approximation to what we intuitively think of

as the area of S.

This approximation appears to become better and better as

n  . Therefore we define the area A of the region S as
the limiting value of the sum of the areas of these
approximating rectangles. 12
Areas Between Curves

We recognize the limit in (1) as the definite integral of f – g.

Therefore we have the following formula for area.

Notice that in the special case where g(x) = 0, S is the region

under the graph of f and our general definition of
area (1) reduces. 13
Areas Between Curves
In the case where both f and g are positive, you can see
from Figure 3 why (2) is true:

A = [area under y = f (x)] – [area under y = g(x)]

Figure 3
14
Areas Between Curves
In Figure 4 we drew a typical approximating rectangle with
width x as a reminder of the procedure by which the area is
defined in (1).

In general, when we set up an integral for an area, it’s

helpful to sketch the region to identify the top curve yT, the
bottom curve yB, and a typical approximating rectangle as in
Figure 5.

Figure 4 Figure 5
15
Areas Between Curves
Then the area of a typical rectangle is (yT – yB) x and the
equation

summarizes the procedure of adding (in a limiting sense) the

areas of all the typical rectangles.
Notice that in Figure 5 the left-hand boundary reduces to a
point, whereas in Figure 3 the right-hand boundary reduces
to a point.

Figure 3 16
Areas Between Curves
If we are asked to find the area
between the curves y = f (x) and
y = g (x) where f (x)  g (x) for
some values x of but g (x)  f (x)
for other values of x, then we split Figure 9

the given region S into several regions S1, S2 , . . . with areas

A1, A2 , . . . as shown in Figure 9. We then define the area of
the region S to be the sum of the areas of the smaller
regions S1, S2 , . . . that is A = A1 + A2 + . . . Since
f (x) – g (x) when f (x)  g (x)
| f (x) – g (x) | =
g (x) – f (x) when g (x)  f (x)
17
Areas Between Curves
we have the following expression for A.

When evaluating the integral in (3), however, we must still

split it into integrals corresponding to A1, A2,……

18
Areas Between Curves
Some regions are best treated by regarding x as a function
of y. If a region is bounded by curves with equations
x = f (y), x = g (y), y = c, and y = d, where f and g are
continuous and f (y)  g (y) for c  y  d (see Figure 11), then
its area is

Figure 11
19
Areas Between Curves
If we write xR for the right boundary and xL for the left
boundary, then, as Figure 12 illustrates, we have

Figure 12

20
Example 1
Find the area of the region bounded above by y = x2 + 1,
bounded below by y = x, and bounded on the sides by x
= 0 and x = 1.

Solution:
The region is shown in Figure 4. The upper boundary curve
is y = x2 + 1 and the lower boundary curve is y = x.

Figure 4 21
Example 1 – Solution
cont’d

So we use the area formula (2) with f (x) = x2 + 1, g(x) = x, a

= 0, and b = 1:

22
Example 2
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = sin x,
y = cos x, x = 0, and x = /2

Solution:
The points of intersection occur when sin x = cos x, that is,
when x = /4 (since 0  x  /2). The region is sketched in
Figure 10. Observe that cos x  sin x when 0  x  /4 but
sin x  cos x when /4  x  /2.

Figure 10
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Example 2 – Solution
cont’d

Therefore the required area is

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Example 2 – Solution
cont’d

In this particular example we could have saved some work

by noticing that the region is symmetric about x = /4 and so

25
Example 3
Find the area of the region bounded by x = 2y2, and
x = 4+y2.
Solution:
The region is shown in Figure 5. The right boundary curve is
x = 4+y2 and the left boundary curve is x = 2y2.

( 8 ,2)
2
𝑥=2 𝑦
2
𝑥= 4+ 𝑦

(8 , − 2)
Figure 5 26
Example 3 – Solution
cont’d

The points of intersection occur when

2 2
4+ 𝑦 = 2 𝑦
2
4= 𝑦

𝑦 =± 2

For 𝑦 =± 2 we get 2 2
𝑥=2 𝑦 =2 ∙ ( ± 2 ) =8

Therefore the points of intersections are ( 8 ,2 ) ∧( 8 , − 2)

27
Example 3 – Solution
cont’d

So we use the area formula (2) with f (y) = 4+y2 , g(y) = 2y2,
a = -2, and b = 2:
2
𝐴=∫ ( 4 + 𝑦 ) −( 2 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2

−2

2
¿ ∫ ( 4 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
2

−2

]
3 2
𝑦
¿ 4𝑦−
3 −2

¿ 8− ( 8
3) (
− −8 −
−8
3 )
32
¿
3
28