Module 3

Module 3
Differential Equation of Deflection Curve

Double Integration Method
(Problem 1)
• Determine the equation of the deflection curve for a simple
beam AB supporting a uniform load of intensity q acting
throughout the span of the beam. Also, determine the
maximum deflection at the midpoint of the beam and the
angles of rotation and at the supports. The beam has length
L and constant flexural rigidity EI.
Problem 2
• Determine the equation of the deflection curve for a
cantilever beam AB subjected to a uniform load of intensity q.
Also, determine the angle of rotation and the deflection at
the free end. The beam has length L and constant flexural
rigidity EI.
Macaulay’s Method
Problem 3
• A simply supported beam of 8 m length carries two point
loads of 64 kN and 48 kN at 1 m and 4 m, respectively from
the left hand end. Find the deflection under each load and
the maximum deflection. E = 210 Gpa and I = 180 X 106 mm4.
Moment-Area Method
• First moment-area theorem
Area of Bending
Moment diagram between points
A and B
Moment-Area Method
• Second moment-area theorem
Deviation of point B
from tangent at A = First
moment of area of Bending
Moment diagram between
points A and B,evaluated
with respect to B.
Problem 4
• Determine the angle of rotation and deflection at the free end
B of a cantilever beam AB supporting a concentrated load P.
The beam has length L and constant flexural rigidity EI.
Problem 5
• Find the angle of rotation and
deflection at the free end B of a
cantilever beam ACB supporting
a uniform load of intensity q
acting over the right-hand half of
the beam. The beam has length
L and constant flexural rigidity
EI.
Buckling of Column
• If , the column is stable

• If , the column is unstable
Critical load
Column with Pinned Ends
Critical stress =
= radius of gyration = , Slenderness ratio
Column fixed at base and free at top
Column with both end fixed
𝟐
𝟒 𝝅 𝑬𝑰
𝑷 𝒄𝒓 = 𝟐
𝑳
Column fixed at base and pinned at top
𝟐
𝟐 . 𝟎𝟒𝟔 𝝅 𝑬𝑰
𝑷 𝒄𝒓 = 𝟐
𝑳
Effective Lengths of Columns
• The effective length for any column is the length of equivalent
pinned-end column.
Strain Energy
• Strain energy due to axial load
• The work done by the load is equal to the area below the
load-displacement curve
• Strain energy is defined as the energy absorbed by the bar
during loading process
• It is equal to the work done by the load provided no energy
is added to or subtracted from the system
Linearly Elastic Behavior Material
Strain Energy,
Nonuniform Bars
Strain Energy Density
• Strain energy per unit volume of the material
• The strain-energy density of the material when it is stressed

to the proportional limit is called the modulus of resilience
• The strain-energy density when the material is stressed to

the point of failure is called modulus of toughness
Problem 6
• Three round bars having the
same length L but different
shapes are shown in Fig. The first
bar has diameter d over its entire
length, the second has diameter
d over one-fifth of its length, and
the third has diameter d over
one fifteenth of its length.
Elsewhere, the second and third
bars have diameter 2d. All three
bars are subjected to the same
axial load P. Compare the
amounts of strain energy stored
in the bars, assuming linearly
elastic behavior. Disregard the
effects of stress concentrations
and the weights of the bars.
Strain Energy of Bending
Strain Energy of Bending
Problem 7
• A simple beam AB of length L supports uniform load of
intensity q.
(a) Evaluate the strain energy of the beam
from the bending moment in the beam.
(b) Evaluate the strain energy of the beam
from the equation of the deflection curve.
The beam has constant flexural rigidity EI.
Problem 8
• A cantilever beam AB is
subjected to three different
loading conditions: (a) a
concentrated load P at its free
end, (b) a couple Mo at its
free end, and (c) both loads
acting simultaneously. For
each loading condition,
determine the strain energy of
the beam.
Castigliano’s theorem
Castigliano’s theorem
• The partial derivative of the

strain energy of a structure
with respect to any load is
equal to the displacement
corresponding to that load.
• The partial derivative of

the strain energy of a
structure with respect
to any couple is equal to
the angle of rotation
corresponding to that load.
Application of Castigliano’s theorem
𝝏𝑼
𝜹 𝑨=
𝝏𝑷
𝝏𝑼
𝜽 𝑨=
𝝏𝑴𝟎
Use of a Fictitious Load
𝝏𝑼
𝜹𝑪 =
𝜹𝑪 =? ? 𝝏𝑸
• Q = Fictitious or imaginary load
Modified Castigliano’s theorem
Problem 9
• A simple beam with an overhang supports a uniform load of
intensity q on span AB and a concentrated load P at end C of
the overhang. Determine the deflection and angle of
rotation at point C.

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Module 3

Differential Equation of Deflection Curve

• If , the column is stable

• The strain-energy density of the material when it is stressed

• The strain-energy density when the material is stressed to

• The partial derivative of the

• The partial derivative of

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