Chemical Bonding

Chemical Bonding
The way with which all the molecules of the universe are formed
An Atom
 An atom can be defined as the smallest individual particle that takes place in a chemical
reaction.
 They are extremely minute so they can’t be seen with naked eyes.
 Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule.
 The force which holds these atoms together is called chemical bond.
 These atoms consist of subatomic particles known as protons, neutrons and electrons.
 Chemical bonds are mainly formed due to the transfer of sharing of electrons.
 Metallic molecules lose electrons.
 Non-metallic molecules gain electrons.
Types of bonds
 There are mainly three types of bonds :-
 Ionic
 Covalent
 Coordinate bond
 Ionic bonds are the bonds in which transfer of electrons takes place.
 Covalent bonds are the bonds in which sharing of electrons takes place.
 Coordinate bonds are the bonds in which an atom with no electrons combines with another
atom who has a lone pair of electrons.
 Specific types of compounds consist of specific types of molecules.
Ionic bonding
 The origin of the concept of Ionic bonding :-
 The concept of ionic bonding developed over time, starting with Micheal Faraday's experiment on
electrolysis. Faraday observed that some substances conduct electricity when dissolved in water, and
theorized that the electricity caused substances to break up into charged particles. He called these
particles ions, and invented the terms cation and anion for the positive and negative charged particles.
 Some examples of compounds which form ionic bonds are :- NaCl, CaO , MgCl2.
 These ionic bonds involve loss and gain of electrons.
 These ionic bonds usually occur between metallic and non-metallic elements.
 Metallic elements lose electrons and non-metallic elements gain electrons.
NaCl
 The Metallic atom – Loses electrons
 Non-metallic elements – gains electrons
 Ions – cations and anions –
 Are oppositely charged, which attract one another to form an- electrovalent bond or ionic bond.
 In case on NaCl,
 Metallic atom sodium electronic configuration – 2,8,1
 Non – metallic atom Chlorine Electronic configuration – 2,8,7
 The sodium atom loses one electron and gets a positive charge and the Cl atom gains an
electron and gains a negative charge.
Covalent bonding
 Covalent bonds are the bonds in which sharing of electrons takes place between two atoms.
 These covalent bonds are usually formed between two non-metallic elements.
 There are two types of covalent bonds :-
 Polar covalent
 Non – polar covalent
 In layman’s terms, Polar covalent compounds are soluble in water.
 Non-polar covalent compounds are not soluble in water.
 Now, lets take an example and see how covalent bonding works.
 Examples of Covalent bonds are :- H2,N2,O2,CH4
Hydrogen Molecule
• The hydrogen molecule is an example of covalent bonding.

• In this molecule, 2 hydrogen atoms are combining to form a hydrogen molecule, but unlike sodium the
atoms are sharing electrons and not donating them
• This type of bonding usually happens between non-metals.
• In this type of bonding there can be 3 types:-
• Single bond
• Double bond
• Triple bond.
• In single bond, one electron gets shared ; in double bond, two electrons get shared and in triple bond three
electrons get shared.
• In this case the hydrogen atoms are sharing their only outermost electron with each other due to which
both of their duplets are getting completed.
Coordinate bonds
 Origin of the concept of Coordinate bond :-
Nevil Vincent Sidgwick developed the concept of coordinate bonds in the 1920s by
extending Gilbert N. Lewis's concept of electron sharing in covalent bonds. Sidgwick
suggested that one atom could donate a pair of electrons to another atom to form a
“coordinate link”.
 This type of bond is a subcategory of a covalent bond.
 This type of bond is also known as a dative bond, dipolar bond or coordinate covalent bond.
 This is a type of bond in which both the electrons come from the same atom.
 It is formed when one atom, the donor, shares an electron pair with another atom, the acceptor.
The bond is represented by an arrow that points from the donor to the acceptor.
Ammonium Ion
• In the above example ammonia turns into an Ammonium Ion, it turns from NH3 to NH4+
• Basically, another H+ gets added.
• But in the case of NH3, it has a lone pair of electrons.
• While H+, has no electrons in its outermost shell. Thus, NH3 and H+ share the lone pair that NH3 has.
• The only catch here which make coordinate bond not the same as covalent bond is that, only one entity is providing electrons.
• In the case of a normal covalent bond, both the entities were providing electrons.
• Some of the characteristics of Coordinate bonds are :-
• Electron pair sharing :- A coordinate bond is a type of covalent bond in which both the electrons in the bond come from the same atom.
• Polarity :- Coordinate bonds are always polar because they are formed between two atoms.
• Strength :- Coordinate covalent bonds are usually strong, similar to other interatomic bonds.
Some more properties of coordinate bonds
 Directionality :- A coordinate bond is a directional bond because the sharing of electrons takes
place in a direction.
 Isomerism :- Some coordinate bonds exhibit isomerism, which is the existence of two
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
 Melting and boiling points :- Coordinate compounds generally have lower melting and boiling
points than ionic compounds.
 Strength:-
 Weak coordinate bonds :- In some cases, coordinate covalent bonds can be weaker than other covalent
bonds due to the nature of the atoms involved or the bonding arrangement.
 Strong coordinate bonds :- In other cases, coordinate covalent bonds can be strong and have properties
similar to other covalent bonds.

Chemical Bonding

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemical Bonding

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemical Bonding

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemical Bonding

• The hydrogen molecule is an example of covalent bonding.

You might also like