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    Test 3 Bonding Review Sheet-Final Version

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    Juventie Primastuti
    Chemical bonds form when atoms combine in order to achieve a more stable electron configuration. There are three main types of bonds: ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons between ions, covalent bonds form through the sharing of electrons between nonmetals, and metallic bonds result from the attraction between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons. The type of bond affects the properties of the resulting compound, such as melting point and conductivity. Within covalent bonds, the sharing of electrons can be polar or nonpolar depending on the electronegativity difference between the atoms. Molecular structure and polarity are determined by bonding interactions. Intermolecular forces between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding, further influence physical properties.

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    Test 3 Bonding Review Sheet-Final Version

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    Juventie Primastuti
    25 views7 pages
    Chemical bonds form when atoms combine in order to achieve a more stable electron configuration. There are three main types of bonds: ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons between ions, covalent bonds form through the sharing of electrons between nonmetals, and metallic bonds result from the attraction between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons. The type of bond affects the properties of the resulting compound, such as melting point and conductivity. Within covalent bonds, the sharing of electrons can be polar or nonpolar depending on the electronegativity difference between the atoms. Molecular structure and polarity are determined by bonding interactions. Intermolecular forces between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding, further influence physical properties.

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    Chemical bonds form when atoms combine in order to achieve a more stable electron configuration. There are three main types of bonds: ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons between ions, covalent bonds form through the sharing of electrons between nonmetals, and metallic bonds result from the attraction between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons. The type of bond affects the properties of the resulting compound, such as melting point and conductivity. Within covalent bonds, the sharing of electrons can be polar or nonpolar depending on the electronegativity difference between the atoms. Molecular structure and polarity are determined by bonding interactions. Intermolecular forces between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding, further influence physical properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views7 pages

    Test 3 Bonding Review Sheet-Final Version

    Uploaded by

    Juventie Primastuti
    Chemical bonds form when atoms combine in order to achieve a more stable electron configuration. There are three main types of bonds: ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons between ions, covalent bonds form through the sharing of electrons between nonmetals, and metallic bonds result from the attraction between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons. The type of bond affects the properties of the resulting compound, such as melting point and conductivity. Within covalent bonds, the sharing of electrons can be polar or nonpolar depending on the electronegativity difference between the atoms. Molecular structure and polarity are determined by bonding interactions. Intermolecular forces between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding, further influence physical properties.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    Ms.

    Martin
    Regents Chemistry

    Test 3 Review: Chemical Bonding


    Describing a Chemical Bond

     Atoms combine with other atoms to have a more stable electron configuration
     When a bond is formed, energy is released (exothermic)
     A chemical bond is an attractive force between two atoms

    Three types of chemical bonds occur between atoms:


    1) ionic bond (valence electrons are transferred between the two atoms)
    2) covalent bond (valence electrons are shared between the two atoms)
    3) metallic bond ( “A sea of mobile valence electrons” between all the metal atoms)

    1. Ionic Bonding

     Created by the attraction between positive ion (cations) and negative ions
    (anions)
     Solid ionic compounds arranged in crystal lattice structure
     Generally formed between metals (tend to lose electrons) and nonmetals
    (tend to gain electrons)
     Electrons are transferred from the metal atom to the nonmetal atom to
    create opposite charged ions

    *Know how to draw Lewis Dot structures of ionic compounds

    In Lewis structures for ionic compounds, metals always have zero valence electrons and nonmetals always have
    eight.

    Example: Lithium fluoride (LiF) compound can be represented as

    Flourine has 7 from its own valence electrons and 1 from Li (light dot)

    2. Metallic Bonding

     Attraction between positive metal ions and mobile electrons between the
    metal ions (think of “a sea of electrons” where the positive metal ions
    floating within the electrons)
     The mobile electrons explains properties of metals (malleable, ductile,
    good conductors of electricity and heat)
     Notice the difference between ionic bonding and metallic bonding: ionic
    bonding results from the attraction between opposite charged ions
    whereas metallic bonding is the attraction of only positive metal ions and
    the negatively charged mobile electrons. There is no negative ion in a
    metallic bond.
    Ms. Martin
    Regents Chemistry

    3. Covalent Bonding

     Nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons. What happens if two hydrogen


    atoms combine? Each hydrogen atom would like to gain one electron to
    have a stable electron configuration. However, since both hydrogen
    atoms want to gain electrons, the two hydrogen atoms share electrons so
    that each hydrogen atom can achieve a stable electron configuration. The
    sharing of electrons between two atoms creates a "covalent bond".
     Nonmetal atoms combine with each other by creating a covalent bond
    between the atoms.
     A molecule is a group of two or more covalently bonded atoms that have
    combined with each other to create a single unit. For example, H2O is two
    hydrogens combined with oxygen to form a "molecule" of water. The
    molecule acts as one item that has two hydrogens bonded with on
    oxygen.
     One covalent bond has a total of 2 shared electrons (one pair) between
    two atoms. A double bond has 4 electrons (two pairs), and a triple bond
    has 6 (three pairs).

    **Know how to draw the Lewis structures of covalent compounds!

    Ex.

    Lewis dot structure for hydrogen fluoride (HF)

    Lewis dot structure for ammonia (NH3)

    Lewis dot structure for the oxygen molecule

    The double lines represent two pairs of shared electrons (double bond)

    What other elements exist as diatomic molecules at STP and how many bonds are between their two
    atoms in Lewis Structures? (BrINClHOF)
    Ms. Martin
    Regents Chemistry

    *You should know the overall differences between ionic, covalent, and metallic compounds:
    eg. melting/boiling points, electrical conductivity, general solubility in water

    Polarity of Covalent Bonds (Theorized by Linus Pauling)

     Electrons are shared equally in a nonpolar covalent bond.


    Electronegativity difference of ZERO between two atoms in a covalent
    bond indicates a nonpolar covalent bond.
     Electron shared unequally in a polar covalent bond. Electronegativity
    difference is NOT ZERO.
     Example of nonpolar covalent bond: F-F in F2
     Example of polar covalent bond: H-Cl in HCl
     Electrons in a polar covalent bond are closer to the atom with the
    higher electronegativity
     Remember that electronegativity is the “ability to attract or gain electrons”
     Comparing the polarity of polar covalent bonds: For example
     Which bond is more polar, H-Cl or H-O? To answer this question, you must
    determine which bond has the greater electronegativity difference. The H-
    O bond has a greater electronegativity difference and is more polar than
    the H-Cl polar covalent bond.
     The more electronegative atom in a bond has a partial negative charge (𝛿-) and
    the less electronegative atom has a partial positive charge (𝛿+)

    Ex.

    Molecular Shapes & Molecular Polarity

     Key shapes: linear, bent, tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal *Know


    how to determine the shapes of molecules from the Lewis
    Structure (You do NOT need to know bond angles)

    Determining Molecular Polarity

     Draw the dipole arrows of each bond in the molecule to determine the
    distribution of charge
     Molecules that have an asymmetric distribution of charge are called POLAR
    molecules (H2O, NH3, HCl, CH3Cl)
     The more negative end of the molecule has a partial negative charge (𝛿-) and the
    more positive end has a partial positive charge (𝛿+)

    Ex.

     Molecules that have a symmetric distribution of charge are called


    NONPOLAR molecules (CH4, CO2, H2)
     Nonpolar molecules do NOT have partial charges!

    Ex.
    Ms. Martin
    Regents Chemistry

    Intermolecular Forces (IMF’s)

     Attraction between molecules (not chemical bond between atoms)


     Intermolecular forces determine physical properties of a covalent
    compound.
     The stronger the intermolecular forces between the molecules of
    a substance, the higher the melting point and boiling point of a
    substance. For example: H2O has a higher boiling point than CH4 because
    the intermolecular forces between water molecules (H-Bonding) is stronger
    than the intermolecular forces between the molecules of methane (Dipole-
    Dipole).
     Three types of intermolecular forces described below: dipole forces ,
    hydrogen bonding (strongest) and dispersion forces (weakest)

    Dipole Forces

     Intermolecular attraction that results from all polar molecules (an


    unequal distribution of electrons around these polar molecules results in a
    “dipole’, positive and negative sides that attract similar molecules)
     Nature of attraction is positive side of a molecule with the negative side of
    another molecule

    Hydrogen Bonding

     Hydrogen bonding (strongest of intermolecular forces) occurs when an H


    in a molecule is covalently bonded to the elements ( O, N, or F)
     Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole intermolecular force
     Hydrogen bonding is not a chemical bond between atoms forming
    a compound, but an intermolecular force
     Water is the best example of hydrogen bonding between water molecules
    that explains the properties of water such as high boiling point
     Other molecules where hydrogen bonding is the intermolecular force
    include: NH3 and HF

    Dispersion Forces (also called van der Waals forces)

     Weakest of the intermolecular forces


     Exists between all atoms and molecules!
     The only intermolecular force of attraction between nonpolar molecules
     Explains the attractive forces that causes nonpolar points to exist in solid
    and liquid phases
     Dispersion forces is the attractive force between positive and negative
    charges that results from temporary dipoles. (Buildup of sheep)
     Dispersion forces increase as molecular size increases
    Ms. Martin
    Regents Chemistry

    Ion-Dipole Forces

    An ion-dipole force is an attractive force that results from the electrostatic attraction between
    an ion and a polar molecule

     Most commonly found in solutions. Especially important for solutions of


    ionic compounds in polar liquids.
     A positive ion (cation) attracts the partially negative end of a polar
    molecule.
     A negative ion (anion) attracts the partially positive end of a polar
    molecule.

    Ex.

    Rules for Naming Compounds (Nomenclature)

    *The three common names that you will be responsible for memorizing are:
    ammonia (NH3), water (H2O), and methane (CH4)
    Ms. Martin
    Regents Chemistry

    What you should know about the mini-topics:

    1. Polyatomic Ions
    a. All of the polyatomic ions (and their charges) that you need to know are provided for
    you in Table E of the NYS Chemistry Reference Tables.
    b. Compounds containing polyatomic ions are IONIC. But the bonds within the
    polyatomic ions themselves are covalent. So compounds containing polyatomic ions
    contain both ionic and covalent bonds.
    Ex.

    c. By looking at the formula of an ionic compound-you should be able to tell that it


    contains a polyatomic ion. Traditional “metal and nonmetal” ionic compounds are ALL
    BINARY. Meaning there are only two types of elements in each of them. NaCl only
    contains sodium and chlorine-no polyatomic ions are present. However, a formula
    such as CaCO3 is an ionic compound with more than two types of elements present in
    the compound. Therefore, it MUST CONTAIN A POLYATOMIC ION.

    2. Allotropes (Not covered on this test but will most likely be on midterm/regents)
    a. Atoms of the same element that are arranged in different molecular structures.
    Because of these different molecular structures, they have different chemical and
    physical properties.

    Ex: O2(elemental oxygen) and O3 (ozone), Diamond and Graphite (Different structural
    arrangements of the element Carbon), Red Phosphorous and White Phosphorous
    Ms. Martin
    Regents Chemistry

    3. Network Solids
    a. Network solids are macromolecules (large molecules) being held together by networks
    of covalent bonds.

    Ex:

    b. Because network solids have so many bonds within them, they have HIGH MELTING
    AND BOILING POINTS, and they are INSOLUBLE.
    c. Additionally, it is important to know that they DO NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY IN
    EITHER THE SOLID OR LIQUID FORM (the only exception to this graphite, but this is an
    EXCEPTION)
    d. The examples you must know of network solids are: Diamonds, Graphite, and SiO2
    (Quartz).

    4. Coordinate Covalent Bonds (Not covered on this test but will most likely be on
    midterm/regents)
    a. In a typical (non-coordinate) covalent bond, one electron is being shared by each of
    the two atoms that are bonded.

    Ex:

    b. In a coordinate covalent bond, one atom is donating BOTH of the electrons to the
    bond, so it is required that the atom donating the electrons has a free lone pair of
    electrons to donate.

    Ex:

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