Title PERFORMANCE STUDIES ON RECYCLED AGGREGATE

BASED SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE(SCC)

Name & School MATINA BAJRACHARYA

School of Civil Engineering
Supervisor Dr Kannam Praveen
SRN R22TE013
CONTENTS

1. Brief Introduction
2. Summary of Literature Review
3. Research Gaps
4. Objectives
5. Problem Formulation
6. Methodologies
7. PERT
8. References

2
INTRODUCTION

• In current situation disposal of the construction and demolition waste has become
the main problem.

• The amount of C&D waste is increasing every year. Among all the C&D wastes,
concrete waste occupies a significant portion.

• Disposal is costly requiring large space in landfills.

• It is highly demanding to find a way to reuse them so that this huge amount of waste
can be turned into a natural resource for construction industry.

3
• A typical construction and demolition waste aggregate is said to have 65-70% of
major coarse as well as fine aggregates, with 30-35% of cement paste.

• The aggregate recycled from Construction demolition waste must satisfy certain
requirement of particle size as well as the minimum presence of contaminants.

• Every year 15 billion tons of concrete are produced throughout the world which
means 2 tons of concrete per inhabitant per year .

• In order to fulfill this huge demand, the sources of good quality natural aggregates
are considerably declining all over the world. Each year ten to eleven billion tons of
aggregate are being used all over the world..

4
 C & D waste generation in various
Indian cities (tonnes per day)

Implementing construction waste

Survey by blue weave consulting management in India: An extended theory of
planned behaviour approach ,Elsevier,2022

5
 Increasing demand of aggregates

Article published by construction philosophy,

may 2020
This article was first published
in Down To Earth's print edition
dated June 16-30, 2019

6
• Self compacting concrete (SCC) can be defined as fresh concrete that flows under its
own weight and does not require external vibration to undergo compaction. It is used
in the construction where it is hard to use vibrators for consolidation of concrete.

• Filling and passing ability, segregation resistance are the properties of self
compacting concrete.

• SCC possess superior flow ability in its fresh state that performs self compaction and
material consolidation without segregation issues.

7
 LITERATURE SURVEY

SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

• They have concentrated on the effect of multiple times
recycling on aggregate strength is observed. Strength of
aggregate is evaluated in laboratory by Aggregate Crushing
Value (ACV) test and Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) test after
Afroja Sultana, each generation of recycling.
01 Md.Roknuzzaman2 , Impact of Multiple Recycling on • The ACV and AIV values of 1st generation, 2nd generation and
Aysha Afrose1 , the Strength of Coarse Aggregate 3rd generation recycled aggregates are compared with the
Tapti Dev natural source aggregate.
• Strength degradation after each stage of recycling is
recorded.
• It is observed that ACV value for natural aggregate is found to
increase by 2.5% after 1st stage of recycling and it increased
by 4.64% and 6.79% after 2nd and 3rd stage of recycling
respectively.
• AIV value for natural aggregate is found to increase by 7.04%
after 1st stage of recycling and it increased by 10.35% and
12.47% after 2nd and 3rd stage of recycling respectively.

8
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• Results shows that 1st generation recycled aggregates is
quite similar to that of natural aggregate and can be used for
concreting in general purposes. 2nd generation recycled
aggregate cannot be used in the production of concrete in
heavy duty floor but can successfully be used in concrete for
wearing surface and 3rd generation recycled aggregates are
01 too weak for road surfacing

9
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•This investigation they have intended to study the influence of

the use of aggregates obtained by the multiple recycling of
Performance in terms of concrete in terms of concrete durability properties
durability of concrete produced •They have carried out research in three phases.
with coarse recycled aggregates •The first phase consists in the procurement of all the recycled
Stefano Esteves da Silva obtained from multiple recycling, coarse aggregates necessary. Three different families were used,
02 obtained from one (RCAI), two (RCAII) and three (RCAIII) recycling
TECHNICO LISBOA, 2017
cycles and later crushed with the help of a jaw crusher
•In the second phase, seven more mixes were produced: a
reference concrete, three mixes with 25% and three more with
100% substitution of NCA with RCA.
•Third phase consisted in testing in terms of durability .
• Results conclude that higher number of recycling cycles
generates RCA with higher amount of adhered mortar and
therefore the use of these aggregates in the composition of
concrete results in a lower durability performance
•It also concludes that three recycling cycles were not enough to
achieve a stabilization of the aggregates properties.

10
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•Their research work is on the use of concrete demolition waste

(CDW) to achieve long sustainability, as coarse aggregate in the
Performance of Concrete made production of Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC).
with Natural Aggregate and • Construction and demolition waste as recycled aggregate is
Madhu K A , Multi-cycle Recycled Concrete used to produce M-25 grade concrete,.
Manoj V , Aggregate, IOP Conference •The effect of substituting 25%, 50%, and 100% NCA with three
03 cycles of RCA on the mechanical characteristics of hardened
Dr.Rajakumara H N , Series: Materials Science and
Engineering,2022 concrete was studied and compared.
•The results of this study show that the performance of concretes
with 0% and 25% replacement of NCA by RCA was nearly identical
to that of concrete without replacement, but the strength of
concrete was reduced with 50% and 75% replacement.

11
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•Here the recycled aggregates, such as the ones used in making

the sub-base and base layers of roads and the ones used as
replacement of natural aggregates in concrete production.
RECYCLED CONCRETE •The results of compression strength and workability, show that
Jorge Manuel Caliço Lopes de PRODUCTION : Multiple recycling concrete produced after multiple recycling of aggregates has
Brito , of concrete coarse aggregates, n, approximately the same characteristics as the one obtained after
04 Instituto Superior Técnico, only one cycle.
Ana Paula Gonçalves and
José Roberto dos Santos, Technical University of Lisbon,
Portugal,2006

12
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

• The primary goal of their study was to investigate the seismic

efficiency of innovative fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-
recycled aggregate geopolymer concrete (RAGC) steel-tubed
columns (FGSTCs) with an internal steel tube (STT), an
Seismic Performance of Recycled external glass-FRP tube (GLT).
05 Yasser Alashker and Ali Raza Aggregate Geopolymer • The study was made on their seismic functioning under axial
Concrete-Filled Double Skin load and lateral repeated load, five FGSTC specimens were
Tubular Columns with Internal manufactured and analyzed under quasi-static loads.
Steel and External FRP • The influence of three variables on the performance of
Tube,MDPI,2022 FGSTC specimens, consisting of STT reinforcing ratio,
compression ratio, and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA)
replacement ratio, was also investigated.
• The results of this investigation revealed that percentage
substitution of RCA had a minor impact on the seismic
functioning of FGSTCs.
• The compression-load ratio depicted a substantial impact. The
energy loss of the FGSTCs was 24.5% higher than that of
their natural aggregate equivalents.
• FGSTCs may have a 16.9% lower cumulative failure rate than
their natural aggregate counterparts.

13
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

• Here they have replaced Natural aggregate with recycled

aggregate (RA) from construction and demolition waste C&DW
and other wastes can mitigate environmental problems.
Markssuel Marvila , •The use of RA for concrete production and draw the main
Paulo de Matos , Recycled Aggregate: A Viable challenges and outlook. RA reduces concrete’s fresh and hardened
06 Erich Rodríguez , Solution for Sustainable Concrete performance compared to NA, but these reductions are often
Sergio Neves Monteiro and Production,MDPI,2022 negligible when the replacement levels are kept up to 30%.
Afonso R. G. de Azevedo , • They have point out efficient strategies to mitigate the
performance reductions. Efforts must be spent on improving the
efficiency of RA processing and the international standardization
of RA

14
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•In this paper they have primarily focused on the possibility of

using RA in High Performance Concrete (HPC).
•They have reported the mechanical and physical properties of
Khaled E.Hassan The Utilization of Recycled HPC prepared using RA. The study summarizes the results of
Mohamed I.E.Attia Aggregate in High Performance workability, water absorption, dry density, compressive
07 MurrayReid Concrete: A Review, strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of HPC prepared
Mohammed B.S.Al-Kuwari Elsevier, 2020 with RA as reported in previous works.
•They have also addressed the microstructure and durability
performance of this concrete.
•Using RA in concrete production is an environmentally friendly
solution to the continuous depletion of natural aggregates and it
can improve the cement matrix mechanical properties.
•Due to the porosity of RA, they have lower unit weigh than
natural aggregates and RA can significantly decrease the
workability of concrete.
•They have reported that using RA increases compressive
strength of HPC. Both splitting and flexural strengths are
increased with RA, and they are decreased when the ratios of
replacement are increased.

15
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•The paper outlines the effects of different proportions and types

of recycled aggregates on the workability and compressive
strength of geopolymer concrete.
An Overview Of Geo-Polymer • It was observed that the compressive strength of NAGC, is
Khaleel H. Younis, Concrete Including Recycled higher compare to RAGC, but the quality of the RCA,
08 Koran A. Salihi, Aggregate, International Journal replacement ratio, liquid/ ash ratio, other mineral additives, and
Talib K. Ibrahim Of Scientific & Technology the activator, plays inevitable role in deciding the results of the
Research ,2020 final strength.
• Compressive strength of geopolymer concrete mostly
influenced by the curing type and periods either with or without
replacing recycled aggregate
• Due to higher viscosity of geopolymer concrete, the workability
of geopolymer concrete shows better slump results compare to
OPC concrete.
•Thry found that the possibility of obtaining more sustainable
binder materials to OPC, and geopolymer concrete is more
sustainable and could show equivalent or better (in some cases)
performance of compressive strength compare to OPC mixes.
• Replacing the natural coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate
obtained from different sources make the sustainability of
geopolymer concrete further extended.

16
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

• Here they have combined the recycled aggregate (RA) and waste
rubber particles (RPs) to prepare rubber-modified recycled
WanhuiFeng Prediction of thermo-mechanical aggregate concrete (RRAC) which is effectively contributing to
YufeiWang properties of rubber-modified low-carbon sustainability.
JunboSun recycled aggregate • Here they have focused on the uniaxial compressive strength
09 YunchaoTang concrete,Elsevier,2022 (UCS) and corresponding peak strain of RRAC with versatile
DongxiaoWu design mixtures (i.e. varying contents of RA and RPs) after
ZhiweiJiang exposure to different temperatures ranging from 25 °C (room
JianqunWang temperature) to 600 °C.
XiangyuWang •They found that test results exhibit the negative relationship
between UCS and RA replacement ratio, RPs content, and
temperature. But RPs positively affected both the loss of UCS and
peak strain when RRAC was exposed to high temperatures.
•They have developed four machine learning (ML) models were
developed based on a relatively comprehensive dataset including
120 groups of experimental results. The beetle antennae search
(BAS) algorithm was applied.
•The high correlation coefficients (0.9721 for UCS and 0.9441 for
peak strain) were determined in modelling using back propagation
neural network (BPNN), .BPNN possessed optimal prediction
performance since the lower root mean square error (RMSE) and
higher correlation coefficient were obtained compared to the other
three ML models (random forest, logistic regression, and multiple
linear regression).

17
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•In this study they have used the glass fiber and recycled
aggregates on the strength properties of Geopolymer Concrete
(GPC). The recycled aggregates were incorporated as a partial
substitute for the natural coarse aggregates in the geopolymer
Effect of glass fiber and recycled concrete at 50%, 80%, and 100% by weight, and the results were
Shalika Mehta aggregates on Geopolymer compared to natural coarse aggregate.
10 and Mohit Bhandari concrete, IOP Conference Series: •Here class F fly ash is utilized as the source material for the
Earth and Environmental production of Geopolymer and brought in from local sources.
Science,2021 The effect of glass fiber (alkali resistant) with a length of 36 mm
is also studied for the content ranging from 0.3, 1, 2, 3, and 3.5%
based on the weight of the concrete.
•They have concluded that the flexural strength and compressive
strength were compared at 7 days and 28 days for different cases.
The results show that 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% of glass fiber
have exceeded the flexural strength of the geopolymer concrete
by 20%.

18
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•They have mainly focused on the use of recycled coarse

aggregate (RCA) as a replacement for 50% of the total natural
MohamedAmin, coarse aggregate (NCA).
Ibrahim Y.Hakeem, Influence of recycled aggregates •They have made two types of replacements were used, namely,
Abdullah M.Zeyad, and carbon nanofibres on carbon nanofiber (CNF) with 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% by
Bassam A.Tayeh, properties of ultra-high- weight of binder and steel fibers (SFs) with 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%
11 Ahmed M.Maglad, performance concrete under and 2% of by weight of the binder
Ibrahim SaadAgwa elevated • In addition to this, thry have also used hybrid fibers, i.e. a
temperatures,Elsevier,2022 combination of CNF with SFs were also used for few mixes.
• Then Twenty-six mixtures were prepared to evaluate the
engineering properties of UHPCs.
•The mechanical properties were evaluated through tests of the
compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths and the modulus
of elasticity .The mass and compressive strength losses was
examined to at temperatures (200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and
800 °C).
•It was observed that the incorporation of NCF, SFs, and RCA
negatively affected the workability, and the diameter of the
slump flow was reduced to 230 mm for RCF0 and the addition of
fiber contributed to the improvement of the concrete properties.
•The compressive strengths were 151.3 and 146.9 MPa for the
NF0 and RF0 mixtures, respectively.

19
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

• They have investigated on the influence of aggregate

properties, degree of hydration , and micro and meso level
characteristics of concrete on its compressive strength.
•Here the influence of different mix design methods
Multi-scale characterisation of (conventional and Particle Packing Method) and mixing
SubhasisPradhan recycled aggregate concrete and approaches (normal mixing approach and two stage mixing
12 ShailendraKumar prediction of its approach) on , and micro and meso level properties of
Sudhirkumar V.Barai performance,Elsevier,2020 concrete are analysed.
•In addition to the crushing value and water absorption of
coarse aggregate, thermogravimetric analysis , nanoindentation
and image analysis of back-scattered electrons images and X-
ray microtomography images are performed to
measure , interfacial transition zone (ITZ) thickness, voids
content in the ITZ and interface of concrete, respectively.
•But none of these parameters were singled out to demonstrate
its major or significant contribution to the compressive
strength of concrete.
• An expression was proposed by accounting each of these
parameters and also the cement content and coarse aggregate
fraction to predict the compressive strength of concrete, which
exhibits good correlation with the experimental results.

20
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•Here they have discussed the generation and recycling of

construction and demolition waste (CDW) as well as its main
uses as raw materials for the construction engineering sector.
Glaydson Simões dos Reis , Current Applications of Recycled •In this review they have paid attention to the use of CDW
Marco Quattrone , Aggregates from Construction aggregates for sand, pavements/roads, bricks, ceramics,
Weslei Monteiro Ambrós , and Demolition: A Review , cementitious materials, and concrete productions, as well its
13 Bogdan Grigore Cazacliu Elsevier, MDPI,2021 uses as eco-friendly materials for water decontamination.
and Carlos Hoffmann Sampaio •The physical-chemical and mechanical characteristics of
recycled aggregates play an important role in their correctly
chosen applications.
•The results found in this literature survey concluded that the
use of CDWs as raw materials for manufacturing new
construction materials is technically feasible, economical, and
constitutes an environmentally friendly approach for a future
construction and demolition waste management strategy.

21
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•As we know the Researches have shown that recycled

aggregate (RA) has a certain degree of influence on the
mechanical properties and durability of recycled aggregate
concrete (RAC) owing to its high water absorption, high
Methods for improving the porosity, and large number of microcracks.
YuanxunZheng durability of recycled aggregate •Here improving the mechanical properties and durability of
14 YahuiZhang concrete: A review,Elsevier,2021 RAC is a key issue of concern for scholars by strengthening
PengZhang methods
•The results indicate that the adherent mortar of RCA can be
enhanced by carbonation, and weak acid treatment can
effectively remove the old adhesion of RCA, which is
economical and environmentally friendly.
•The denseness of RAC can be improved by
adding cementitious materials with volcanic ash effect, and the
reduction of microcracks in mortar can be improved by adding
fibers.
•The load-bearing capacity and mechanical properties of RAC
are significantly improved by the spiral constraint of materials
such as fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and so on.
•The optimization of the production process not only improves
the quality of RAC, but also enhances the production efficiency.
The microstructure analysis of RAC was also summarized in
this paper.

22
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

• As we know Construction industry in India generate around

10-20 million tones of waste annually.
•In this paper they have made a study related to the recycling
and reuse of waste concrete aggregate is presented and
conventional coarse recycled aggregate is being replaced with
A.N.Dabhade , Performance Evaluation Of recycled aggregate.
15 Dr.S.R.Choudhari, Recycled Aggregate Used In • They carried out investigation using workability test,
Dr.A.R.Gajbhiye Concrete,IJERA,2012 compressive test, split tensile test and bulk density, water
absorption, impact value test, crushing value test, Fineness
modulus.
•They have made total of sixth batches of concrete mixes,
consists of every 20% increment of recycled aggregate
replacement from 0% to 100%.
•The 100% recycled aggregate mix batches included, different
water/cement ratio of 0.5,0.6 and 0.7.
•The workability of concrete considerably reduced as the
amount of recycled aggregate increased.
•For the strength of characteristics, the results showed that a
gradually increasing in the compressive strength up to 20% of
recycled aggregate and as well as for the tensile strength as the
percentage of recycled aggregate.

23
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•Here they have discussed the suitability of producing concrete

with 100 % recycled aggregate to meet durability and strength
requirements for different applications.
• In general Aggregate strength, gradation, absorption, specific
Sherif Yehia, Strength and Durability gravity, shape and texture are some of the physical and
Kareem Helal, Evaluation of Recycled mechanical characteristics that contribute to the strength and
16 Anaam Abusharkh, Aggregate Concrete, durability of concrete.,
Amani Zaher, and International Journal of Concrete •And the quality of recycled aggregate depends on the loading
Hiba Istaitiyeh Structures and Materials,2015 and exposure conditions of the demolished structures.
•Here the experimental program was focused on the evaluation
of physical and mechanical properties of the recycled aggregate
over a period of 6 months.
•In addition, concrete properties produced with fine and coarse
recycled aggregate were evaluated. Several concrete mixes
were prepared with 100 % recycled aggregates and the results
were compared to that of a control mix.
•Scanning electron microscope test (SEM) was conducted to
examine the microstructure of selected mixes and the results
shows that concrete with acceptable strength and durability
could be produced if high packing density is achieved.

24
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•The main aim of their study is to review the literature on the

production and utilisation of recycled aggregate in
concrete, concrete pavements, roadway construction, and other
Vivian W.Y.Tam A review of recycled aggregate civil engineering works and some discussion on the savings on
MahfoozSoomr in concrete CO2 emissions have been included.
Ana Catarina applications,Elsevier,2017 • they have made a through study on the globally published data
17 JorgeEvangelista on recycled aggregate standards (normative documents) of
various countries .
•This review helps to alleviate the concerns of consumers and
encourage and further promote the use of recycled aggregate on
a larger scale in civil engineering projects.

25
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•As we know Recycled aggregate (RA) obtained from

demolished concrete waste (CW) is beneficial owing to its
applicability in recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). However,
Risk evaluation for recycled in designing RAC mix proportions, various impurities in the RA
aggregate according to that can adversely affect the properties of the concrete, should
TakafumiNoguchi, deleterious impurity content be considered.
18 Won-JunPark, considering deconstruction •Here is the study made to improve the stable production and
RyomaKitagaki, scenarios and production use of RAC, the amounts of deleterious impurities present and
methods,Elsevier,2015 their effects on the concrete mix should be estimated.
•The risk associated with the presence of impurities in RA was
defined as including the amount of impurity residue in the RA
and the effects of impurities on RAC properties Both impurity
types and RA production methods were considered in assessing
risk for five building demolition scenarios.
•To quantify the risk, the amount of demolished building waste
was estimated, the amount of CW was predicted, the RA ratio
was calculated from the predicted amount of CW, and impurity
sorting levels were investigated for methods of RA production.
•The impurity residue ratio per unit RA was estimated for each
demolition scenario, RA production method, and RA quality
level considered.
•A risk model is proposed in this paper that can be used to
estimate the risk of RA adversely affecting RAC performance
using information on the demolition scenario and the RA
production method.

26
 SL.NO AUTHORS JOURNAL TITLE IMPORTANT FINDINGS

•Here the research investigates the effect of replacing natural

coarse aggregates with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) on
the performance of normal-strength (30 MPa) concrete. To
The use of Steel Fibers to promote 100% replacement, steel fibers were incorporated at
0-2%, by volume .
Nancy Kachouh , Enhance the Performance of
•Physical, rheological, and mechanical properties were
Hilal El-Hassan , Concrete made with Recycled evaluated through experimental testing, including slump,
19 and Tamer El Maaddawy Aggregate , Fifth International density, compressive strength, and flexural strength. Results of
Conference on Sustainable plain concrete showed that an increase in RCA replacement led
Construction Materials and to a decrease in density and slump.
Technologies, •The addition of steel fibers increased the density but
decreased the slump.
•Compared to the control sample, the compressive and flexural
strengths decreased by 18 and 51% with 100% RCA
replacement.
•The incorporation of 2% steel fibers could restore the former
by 90% and nearly doubled the latter.
•The findings have provided the evidence on the feasibility of
producing steel fiber-reinforced normal-strength concrete with
100% RCA that is suitable for structural applications.

27
SUMMARY OF LITERATURE

• Strength degradation after each stage of recycling is recorded.

• Higher number of recycling cycles generates RCA with higher amount of adhered
mortar and therefore the use of these aggregates in the composition of concrete
results in a lower durability performance
• The mechanical properties were evaluated through tests of the compressive, split
tensile, and flexural strengths and the modulus of elasticity
• Scanning electron microscope test (SEM) was conducted to examine the
microstructure of selected mixes.

28
RESEARCH GAP

Based on thorough literature study following gaps are identified

 Research on higher grade concrete and special concrete is insufficient.
 Number of generations of recycled aggregate considered in the research is
insufficient.
 Comprehensive studies comparing the mechanical properties, durability, and long-
term performance of multistage recycled aggregates with traditional aggregates and
single-stage recycled aggregates are limited.
 Optimization of the replacement of aggregates should be focused more.

29
OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the optimum dosage of the Recycled aggregate in Normal and self-
compacting concrete for different grades of concretes (M30, M50) based on fresh and
hardened properties.
2. To determine the durability characteristics of Recycled Aggregate based SCC for
optimized mixes.
3. To study the Microstructural characteristics of Recycled Aggregate based SCC.

30
METHODOLOGY

Selecting
aggregates and
performing the
tests on
aggregates

Mix design for Crushing the preparing Performing

Performing tests
SCC of grade moulds and moulds using durability tests
on the concrete
M-30, M-50 recycling the the 1st and
moulds
and M-70 (0th aggregates and generation microscopic
gen testing aggregates analysis

Results and Repeating the

Comparision of Developing the
conclusion same for 2nd and
all the results FEM models 3rd gen
aggregates
31
PARAMETERS

1. Type of Aggregate – Normal Aggregate and Recycled Aggregate

2. Percentage of aggregate replaced – 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%
3. Type of Cement – OPC 53
4. Type of Admixture – Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE), Fly ash
5. Type of concrete – Self Compacting Concrete
6. Grade of Concrete – M-30 and M-50

32
MATERIAL TEST RESULTS
 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate (Weight taken = 1kg)
S.N Sieve Analysis (mm) Weight retained (kg) Cumulative weight Cumulative % Cumulative
retained (kg) weight retained %weight passed
1. 4.75 0.008 0.008 0.8 99.2
2. 2.36 0.080 0.088 8.8 91.3
3. 1.18 0.251 0.339 33.9 66.3
4. 0.6 0.309 0.648 64.8 35.6
5. 0.3 0.265 0.913 91.3 9.1
6. 0.15 0.080 0.993 99.3 0.8
7. Pan 0.007 1.00 100 0

Fineness Modulus

= 3.016
: Hence, the cumulative weight passed confirms as zone II, as per IS 383 2016.

33
MATERIAL TEST RESULTS
 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate (Weight taken = 5kg)
S.N Sieve Analysis Weight retained % weight retained Cumulative % weight retained % Passing
(mm) (kg)
1. 80 0 0 0 100
2. 40 0 0 0 100
3. 20 2.000 40.00 40.00 60.00
4. 10 1.656 33.12 73.12 26.88
5. 4.75 1.296 25.92 99.04 0.96
6. 2.36 0.018 0.360 99.40 0.60
7. 1.18 0.030 0.600 100 0
8. 600 0 0 100 0
9. 150 0 0 100 0
10. 90 0 0 100 0
11. Pan 0 0 100 0

Fineness Modulus

= 7.12 > 8.0

: Hence 7.12 is less then 8.0 OK.
34
MATERIAL TEST RESULTS
 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate (Acceptance limit = 2.5 – 3)
1. Weight of pycnometer in air (W1) = 0.667kg

2. Weight of pycnometer + fine aggregate (W2) = 1.231kg

3. Weight of pycnometer + fine aggregate + water (W3) = 1.905kg

4. Weight of pycnometer + water (W4) = 1.565

5. Apparent specific gravity =

=
=
= 2.51
Specific Gravity of fine aggregate should lie between 2.5 – 3.0

35
MATERIAL TEST RESULTS
 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate
1. Weight of saturated aggregate and basket in water (W1) = 2.75kg

2. Weight of basket in water (W2) = 1.5kg

3. Weight of saturated aggregate in air (W3) = 2.007kg

4. Weight of oven dry aggregate in air (W4) = 1.997kg

5. Apparent specific gravity =

=
= 2.68
6. Bulk specific gravity = = = 2.65

36
MATERIAL TEST RESULTS
 Specific Gravity of cement (Acceptance Limit = 3.15)
1. Empty weight of bottle (W1) = 0.064kg

2. Weight of bottle + cement (W2) = 0.114kg

3. Weight of bottle + cement + kerosene (W3) = 0.178kg

4. Weight of bottle + kerosene (W4) = 0.143

5. Weight of bottle + water (W5) = 0.161

6. Specific gravity of kerosene = = = = 0.81

7. Specific gravity of cement =
=
= 3.115
The value of specific gravity ranges from 3.1 – 3.16
37
MATERIAL TEST RESULTS
 Normal Consistency of cement
a. Cement passing through 90microns sieve
b. Weight of cement taken = 400gms
S. % Water Added Volume of water (ml) Gauging time (sec) Vicat's Apparatus Reading
N
1. 25 100 5 38
2. 27 108 10 34
3. 29 116 15 24
4. 31 124 20 11
5. 32 128 25 4

Normal Consistency

38
MATERIAL TEST RESULTS
 Fineness of cement
1. Weight of cement taken = 100gm
2. Weight of cement retained on 90 microns = 5gm
3. % Weight of residue =
=
= 5%
According to IS 269 fineness of cement should not be more than 10% by weight. Therefore, it
is within the limit.

39
MATERIAL TEST RESULTS
 Aggregate Impact Value test (Recycled Aggregate)
S.N Reading Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
1. Total weight of dry sample taken (W1) 310 310 330
2. Weight of portion passing 2.36mm sieve (W2) 60 50 70
3. Aggregate impact value = 19.3% 16.1% 21.2%
4. Aggregate impact mean value 18.86%

Impact value range

<10% - Exceptionally strong
10-20% - strong
20-30% satisfactory for road surfacing
>35%- weak for road surfacing
Therefore , the given sample value is 18.86%. Hence it is strong.
40
MATERIAL TEST RESULTS
 Aggregate Abrasion value
1. A = Weight in gram of oven dried sample = 5000
2. B = Weight in gram of fraction retained on 1.70mm IS sieve after washing and oven dried up to
constant weight = 3060
3. Aggregate Abrasion value =
=
= 38.8%
As per IS 2383 the abrasion value should not be more than 30% for wearing surfaces such as
roads and not more than 50% for concrete like RCC structures.

41
MATERIAL TEST RESULTS
 Aggregate Crushing Value test (Recycled Aggregate)

S.N Reading Trial 1 Trial 2

1. Weight of cylinder + base plate (W) 3.697 3.697
2. Weight of cylinder + aggregate (W1) 6070 6.102
3. Weight of fraction passing through the approximate sieve(W2) 610 610
4. Aggregate impact value = 26% 26%
5. Aggregate Crushing mean value 26%

• For concrete used in high strength and heavy loaded structures the value should
be < 20%.
• For general concrete construction the value can be up to 25-30%. Aggregates
with ACV value higher than 30% is considered weak.

42
 MATERIAL TEST RESULTS

 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate (Recycled Aggregate)

1. Weight of saturated aggregate and basket in water (W1) = 3.125kg

2. Weight of basket in water (W2) = 1.5kg

3. Weight of saturated aggregate in air (W3) = 2.570kg

4. Weight of oven dry aggregate in air (W4) = 2.45kg

5. Apparent specific gravity =

=
= 2.96
6. Bulk specific gravity = = = 2.59

43
MIX DESIGN M-30
1. Grade – M30
2. Type of Cement – OPC 53
3. Nominal size of aggregate – 20mm
4. Exposure conditions – severe
5. Characteristics of Self Compacting Concrete SCC
i. Slump flow class – SF3(Slump flow 760mm – 850mm)
ii. Passing ability by L-box = Ratio of h2/h1 = 0.9

iii. V – funnel flow time = class V1 (flow time ≤ 8sec)

iv. Sieve segregation resistance – SR1 (<15%)
6. Degree of site control – Good
7. Type of aggregate – Crushed angular
44
8. Max cement content – 450kg/m3
9. Admixture
i. Superplasticizer – Normal PCE
ii. Mineral admixture – Flyash
10. Specific Gravity
i. Specific gravity of cement – 3.115
ii. Specific gravity of Coarse aggregate – 2.65
iii. Specific gravity of fine aggregate – 2.51
11. Chemical Admixture – 1.09
12. Water Absorption
i. Coarse aggregate – 0.9%
ii. Fine aggregate – 1.0%

45
A. Target Strength
a) f Ꞌck = fck + 1.65S
f Ꞌck = 30 + (1.65 × 5)
= 38.25 N/mm2
b) f Ꞌck = fck + 6.5
f Ꞌck = 30 + 6.5
= 36.5 Mpa
: Hence higher value is considered – 38.25Mpa.
B. Air Content
From Table -3 air to be expected is 1.0% for 20mm nominal maximum size aggregate.
C. Selection of water – cement ratio
Water-Cement ratio required target strength of 38.25 i.e. 0.5 for OPC 53 grade curve from Table – 5
Lower max value of 0.45 prescribed for severe condition.
46
 0.5 > 0.45
: Hence as for the IS Code 10262, 2019 the water-cement ratio for M30 is restricted to 0.45.
Therefore, following the Code IS 10262 we have taken the water-cement ratio as 0.45.
D. Proportion of mix
a) Selection of water content and cement / flyash content
 Class of slump flow is SF3. Taking water content as 190kg/m3

C = 422.22kg/m3
 Generally, flyash of 25 to50% is adopted for SCC.
 Flyash content is taken as 35%
Flyash = 422.22 × 35%
= 147.77kg/m3
~
148kg/m3
47
 OPC 53 cement = 422.22 – 148
= 274.22kg/m3
b. Selection of admixture
 1.2% by mass of Cementous material
= 1.2% × 422.22
= 5.066kg/m3
c. Selection of powder content
 Powder content for ( fines < 0.125mm)required for SCC range from 400 to 600 kg/m3.
 Fine aggregate = Total powder content – (flyash + cement)
= 520-(148+ 274.22)
= 97.78kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 97.78/0.08
= 1222.25kg/m3
48
d. Selection of Coarse aggregate
Vca = (1 - air content) – (Vol. of water + Vol. of cement + Vol. of flyash + Vol. of admixture + Vol. of
fine aggregate)
Vca = (1-0.01)-(
= 0.99-(0.190+0.088+0.067+0.004+0.487)
= 0.154m3
 Mass of Coarse aggregate
= Vca × specific gravity of coarse aggregate × 1000
= 0.156×2.65×1000
= 408.1kg/m3
e. Volume of powder content
=
= 0.194m3
49
 Ratio of water to powder content:
=
= 1.01
 Mix Proportion
1) Cement: 274.22kg/m3
2) Flyash: 148kg/m3
3) Admixture: 5.066kg/m3
4) Powder content: 520kg/m3
5) Fine aggregate: 1222.22kg/m3
6) Coarse aggregate: 408.1kg/m3
7) Water - cement ratio: 0.45kg/m3

50
MIX DESIGN M-50
1. Grade – M50
2. Type of Cement – OPC 53
3. Nominal size of aggregate – 20mm
4. Exposure conditions – severe
5. Characteristics of Self Compacting Concrete SCC
i. Slump flow class – SF2(Slump flow 660mm – 750mm)
ii. Passing ability by L-box = Ratio of h2/h1 = 0.9 (0.8 to 1.0)

iii. V – funnel flow time = class V1 (flow time ≤ 8sec)

iv. Sieve segregation resistance – SR1 (<15%)
6. Degree of site control – Good
7. Type of aggregate – Crushed angular
51
8. Max cement content – 450kg/m3
9. Admixture
i. Superplasticizer – Normal PCE
ii. Mineral admixture – Flyash
10. Specific Gravity
i. Specific gravity of cement – 3.115
ii. Specific gravity of Coarse aggregate – 2.65
iii. Specific gravity of fine aggregate – 2.51
11. Chemical Admixture – 1.09
12. Water Absorption
i. Coarse aggregate – 0.36%
ii. Fine aggregate – 1.39%

52
A. Target Strength
a) f Ꞌck = fck + 1.65S
f Ꞌck = 50 + (1.65 × 5)
= 58.25 N/mm2
b) f Ꞌck = fck + 6.5
f Ꞌck = 50 + 6.5
= 56.5 Mpa
: Hence higher value is considered – 58.25Mpa.
B. Air Content
From Table -3 air to be expected is 1.0% for 20mm nominal maximum size aggregate.
C. Selection of water – cement ratio
Water-Cement ratio required target strength of 58.25N/mm2 is 0.33 for OPC 53 grade curve.

53
 0.33 > 0.45
:- Water – Cement ratio = 0.33
D. Proportion of mix
a) Selection of water content and cement / flyash content
 Class of slump flow is SF3. Taking water content as 160kg/m3

C = 484.84kg/m3
=
485kg/m3
 Generally, flyash of 25 to50% is adopted for SCC.
 Flyash content is taken as 25%
Flyash = 485 × 25%
= 121kg/m3

54
 OPC 53 cement = 485 – 121
= 364kg/m3
b. Selection of admixture
 1.2% by mass of Cementous material
= 1.2% × 485
= 5.82kg/m3
c. Selection of powder content
 Powder content for ( fines < 0.125mm)required for SCC range from 400 to 600 kg/m3.
 Fine aggregate = Total powder content – (flyash + cement)
= 520-(121+ 364)
= 35kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 35/4.5%
= 778kg/m3
55
d. Selection of Coarse aggregate
Vca = (1 - air content) – (Vol. of water + Vol. of cement + Vol. of flyash + Vol. of admixture + Vol. of
fine aggregate)
Vca = (1-0.01)-(
= 0.99-(0.16+0.117+0.055+0.005+0.30)
= 0.353m3
 Mass of Coarse aggregate
= Vca × specific gravity of coarse aggregate × 1000
= 0.353×2.65×1000
= 935.45kg/m3
e. Volume of powder content
=
= 0.182m3

56
 Ratio of water to powder content:
=
= 0.879
 Mix Proportion for 1m3
1) Cement: 364kg/m3
2) Flyash: 121kg/m3
3) Admixture: 5.82kg/m3
4) Powder content: 520kg/m3
5) Fine aggregate: 778kg/m3
6) Coarse aggregate: 935.45kg/m3
7) Water - cement ratio: 0.33kg/m3

57
TEST RESULTS FOR M-30
S.N Percentage Failure load Compressive Average
replacement of strength compressive
recycled (N/mm2) strength
aggregates (%) (N/mm2)

1. 0 900 40
870 38.67 39.41
890 39.56

2. 20 830 36.89
800 35.56 36.15
810 36

3. 40 810 36
780 34.67 35.26
790 35.11

58
TEST RESULTS FOR M-30
S.N Percentage Failure load Compressive Average
replacement of strength compressive
recycled (N/mm2) strength
aggregates (%) (N/mm2)

4. 60 800 40
750 38.67 34.22
760 39.56

5. 80 750 36.89
710 35.56 32
700 36

6. 100 690 36
700 34.67 30.67
680 35.11

59
GRAPHS FOR M-30

compressive strength
45

40 39.41

36.15
35 35.26
34.22
Average Compressive strength N/mm2
32
30 30.67

25

20

15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Percentage replacement of recycled aggregates

60
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