GREEN CONCRETE : BY UTILIZING

CONSTRUCTION DEMOLISHED WASTE AS

RECYCLED COARSE AGGREGATE
BY
SANJUKTA ROY [26301321111]
AVIK HALDER [26301321112]
GOURAB SAMADDER [26301321113]
NILAY MAJUMDER [26301321114]
JYOTISHREE MONDAL [26301321116]

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

4TH YEAR
2023 - 2024

REGENT EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Under the support and guidance of
Mrs. ISHIKA GHOSH
(Assistant Professor)
INTRODUCTION

The continuously growing demand for concrete to meet the “exploding” infrastructure development worldwide is without any
negative impacts on the environment and on our future capacity for development. In recent years, the recycling of waste
product is necessary to produce new product suitable for the environment. In these circumstances, it can be possible to use
green concrete.

GREEN CONCRETE: Green concrete is an environmentally friendly version of traditional concrete, made by incorporating
recycled materials. Unlike standard concrete, which heavily relies on natural resources like limestone and clay, green concrete
utilizes industrial waste such as fly ash, slag, and recycled aggregates. therefore, replacing concrete ingredients with
Construction and Demolition Waste is recommended.

Concrete is a composite material so by taking advantage of the situation for the people, this Project basis on the exploration
that's carried out on the concrete when natural coarse aggregate is partly replaced by demolished waste recycled aggregate. The DEMOLISHED WASTE
preceding properties were tested for three different periods of curing of 3, 7, and 28 days. All these mixes were designed for BEFORE CRUSHING
M20 grade of concrete . In the present work, a comparison was made between the results of a laboratory investigation on various physical
properties of concrete made with recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) with natural aggregate concrete (NCA) and found that the results
are encouraging to use concrete with RCA. Specific properties of the aggregates are also compared.
OBJECTIVES

The fundamental objective of this work, should be enhance the strength of concrete mixtures using green concrete by utilized construction
demolished waste as recycled coarse aggregate material as a partial replacement for normal stone aggregates, which demonstrate appropriate
properties comparable to that structural coarse aggregates.

1. Determine suitability of construction demolished waste which is recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) as partial replacement of natural coarse
aggregate (NCA) in concrete mix.
2. Here we compare the mechanical properties of recycle coarse aggregate in concrete mix.
3. Study the properties of fresh and hardened concrete when coarse aggregate is partially orfully replaced with demolished waste.
4. Develop convenient mix design.
5. The purpose of this study was to see how recycled coarse aggregate affect the strength of concrete.
6. To figure out what the best percentage of recycled coarse aggregate to use in concrete.
BENEFITS OF DEMOLISHED WASTE RECYCLED
CONCRETE AS COARSE AGGREGATE IN
CONCRETE

Incorporating demolished waste recycled concrete as aggregate in concrete offers numerous benefits, including environmental sustainability,
cost savings, improved performance, and regulatory compliance. These advantages make it an attractive option for sustainable construction
practices.

1. Environmental Sustainability

2. Cost Savings

3. Improved Strength and Durability

4. Reduced Carbon Footprint

5. Resource Conservation

6. Versatility and Flexibility

7. Enhanced Workability

8. Regulatory Compliance
BASIC MATERIALS

In this project , we using green concrete by utilizing demolished waste product of construction sites as recycled coarse aggregate as a replacement of natural coarse aggregate ,
The preceding properties were tested in laboratory for three different periods of curing of 3, 7, and 28 days by replacing the natural coarse aggregates of(25, 50 and 75%) with
recycled coarse aggregate on various mechanical and durability properties and observe different characteristics of the concrete formed from different volumes of recycled
coarse aggregate as a replacement of natural coarse aggregate. For preparing the concrete mix, we need the basics materials in the following-

1. Cement :-Cement, in the general sense of the word, described as a material with adhesive and cohesive properties, which make it capable of bonding mineral fragments
in to a compact whole.

2. Aggregate :- The alternative used in the manufacture of good quality concrete, is to obtain the aggregate in at least two size groups, i.e. :-

I. Fine aggregate : It is often called sand which are less than 4.75mm in size. Fine aggregate / sand is an accumulation of grains of mineral matter derived from the
disintegration of rocks. The sand used for the experimental program was locally procured and conformed to Indian Standard Specifications IS 383-1970.

II. Coarse aggregate : It comprises material greater than 4.75mm in size. Coarse aggregate are the crushed stone used for making concrete. They can
form 80% of the concrete mix so their properties are crucial to the properties of concrete. The aggregates were washed to remove dust and dirt and were dried

to surface dry condition. The aggregates were tested as per Indian Standard Specifications IS 383-1970.
3. Water :- Water is used for mixing, and curing purposes should be clean, portable,fresh, and free from any bacteria. water is used for mixing and curing. On
addition of higher percentage of demolished waste, the requirement of water increases for the same workability. Typically ranges from 0.4 to 0.6, depending on the
specific requirements of the mix.

4. Concrete :- Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-
most-used substance in the world after water, and is the most widely used building material. The concrete mix design is done in accordance with IS:10262 (2009).
Normally, the full hardening period of concrete is atleast 7 days. The gradual increase in strength is due to the hydration of the tri calcium aluminates and silicates.
The weight of concrete varies with the type and the amount of rock and sand.

5. Construction Demolished Waste :- Concrete recycling is the use of rubble from demolished concrete structures. Recycling is cheaper and more ecological
than trucking rubble to a landfill. Research into the use of demolished concrete as aggregate for the new concrete production goes back to the end of World War II.
It should be noted that, by adding fly ash as an alternative to cement, it is possible to reduce the shrinkage of concrete that is due to the addition of waste aggregate
Some studies were done on the effects of increasing the coarse recycled concrete aggregates on mechanical characteristics and deformation caused by shrinkage
However, depending on the project, type and amounts should be specified precisely and it is noted that this waste is susceptible to carbonate reaction and may
cause corrosion of the reinforcement, so the carbonation depth should be measured.

The materials used in concrete making are critical to achieving the desired properties and performance of the final product. Understanding the roles
and characteristics of cement, aggregates, water, admixtures, supplementary materials, and recycled materials allows for thedesign of concrete mixes
tailored to specific applications and environmental conditions. As construction practices evolve and sustainability becomes a more significant concern,
the use of advanced materials and recycled components will continue to shape the future of concrete technology.
OBSERVATIONS

As per some literature review and different other studies, we have decided that we are going to use green concrete by utilizing demolished waste as recycled
coarse aggregate which are either received from construction sites or from different labs as a replacement of course aggregates. While working, we had to do
some experiments which are described below in brief-

1. WATER ABSORPTION TEST OF RECYCLED COARSE AGGREGATE:-For design of concrete mix, information about the water absorption of
the waste concrete used as coarse aggregates are required. It is important in determination of moisture contact and in many concrete mix design calculations. It
is also required for the calculation of volume yield of concrete.

From the laboratory experiments, we got the water absorption value of recycled coarse aggregate is = 1.68 %

2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT:- Specific gravity is defined as the ratio between weight of a given volume of material and weight of an equal
volume of water. To determine the specific gravity of cement, kerosene is used which does not react with cement.

From the laboratory analysis, we got specific gravity cement value is = 3.15

3. NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT :- This test is conducted to calculate the amount of water to be added to the cement to get a paste of
standard consistency which is defined as that consistency . The time taken between adding of water to the cement and filling of mould of Vicat apparatus is
called as gauging time which should be between 3 to 5 minutes.

Normal Consistency of the laboratory testing sample of cement = 33%

 4. SETTING TIMES OF CEMENT :- The setting time of the cement is influenced by factors such as: percentage of water, amount of kneading the paste, temperature and
humidity of the environment. As per codal provisions; this test should be conducted at temperature of 27𝑜C ± 2𝑜𝐶 and 90% humidity.

Initial setting time = 45 minutes

Final setting time = 10 hours or 600 minutes

5. SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATES :- The aggregates are classified in two categories; fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. The size of fine aggregates is
limited to a maximum of 4.75 mm, beyond which it is known as coarse aggregates.

I. For Recycled Coarse Aggregate :- The sample taken = 2 kg (2000 gm)

From the sieve analysis in the laboratory , we got the result and plotting a graph by using the result value

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF RECYCLED COARSE AGGREGATE

120

100
% of Passing

80

60

40

20

0
1 10 100

Sieve size (mm)

II. The sample taken = 2 kg (2000 gm)

From the sieve analysis in the laboratory , we got the result and plotting a graph by using the result value

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL COARSE AGGREGATE

120

100

% OF PASSING
80

60

40

20

0
1 10 100
SIEVE SIZE (mm)

6. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF RECYCLED COARSE AGGREGATE :- For concrete waste, the specific gravity can vary based on the composition and the
degree of hydration and contamination.

Specific gravity (S) = 2.75 given from the laboratory experiments.

7. MIX DESIGN:- The IS 10262 : 2009 provides the guidelines for proportioning concrete mixes as per the requirements using the concrete
making materials including other supplementary materials identified for this purpose. The proportioning is carried out to achieve specified
characteristics at specified age, work ability of concrete and durability requirements. This standard is applicable for ordinary and standard
concrete grades only.
PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER
The data we gotTEST
from RESULT
previous experiments,
CEMENT Specific gravity 3.15
Consistency 33
Mix proportions :-
Initial setting time 45 minutes
Cement = 440 kg / m3 Final setting time 10 hours
Water = 197 kg / m3
COARSE AGGREGATE Specific gravity 2.75
Fine aggregate = 667 kg / m3
Coarse aggregate = 1151 kg / m3 FINE AGGREGATE Specific gravity 2.75
Water-cement ratio = 0.45

Ratio of concrete :-
440 : 676 : 1151 = 1 : 1.5 : 2.6 (=3)

As per IS 10262 : 2009.

Hence, we have come to a conclusion that we will use M20 concrete grade to further tests.
 8. SLUMP TEST :-It can be defined as difference between height of the concrete before removing slump cone (mould) and height of the concrete after
removing of slump cone as measured during concrete slump test. This results in large voids, less durability and strength. Bleeding of concrete is said to occur when
excess water comes up at the surface of concrete. This causes small pores through the mass of concrete and is undesirable. From the test result we got slump value for
both Natural coarse aggregate & Recycled coarse aggregate.

RECYCLED COARSE AGGREGATE SLUMP VALUE (mm)

NATURAL AGGREGATE (%)
(%)

100 0 125
75 25 115
50 50 120
25 75 105
 9. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE :-The strength in compression has a definite relationship with all other properties of concrete i.e. these
properties improved with the improvement in compressive strength. The concrete specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7, 14 or 28 days
curing. From the experiment, the result shown in below-

COMPOSITION
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
DAYS LOAD (kN)
NATURAL COARSE RECYCLED COARSE
(N/mm2)
AGGREGATE AGGREGATE (RCA)
(%)
(NCA) (%)
7 422 18.75
25 75 14 512 22.75
28 667 29.65
7 471 20.94
50 50 14 585 26
28 725 32.23
7 490 21.78
75 25 14 612 27.2
28 745 33.12
7 420 18.67
100 0 14 592 26.32
28 710 31.55
RESULT
According to test observations we got four different types of composition of
natural coarse aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate. Due to the different
composition, we create the comparisons with line graph of increasing the
Compressive strength (N/mm2) Comparison-I
percentage of recycled coarse aggregate in concrete mix. 40

35
32.23
As per comparison – I 30 29.65

25 26
22.75
we determine that the concrete mix with 50% natural coarse aggregate is 20 20.94
18.75
given more compressive strength in 28 days than the use of 25% natural 15 25% Natural Coarse
Aggregate
coarse aggregate in concrete mix. 10 50% Natural Coarse
Aggregate
5
7 days 14 days 28 days

Compressive strength (N/mm2) comparison-II

As per comparison – II 45

33.12 50% Natural

35
we determine that the concrete mix with 75% natural coarse aggregate is 27.2 Coarse
21.78 32.23 Aggregate
given more compressive strength in 28 days than the use of 50% natural 25
26
coarse aggregate in concrete mix. 20.94
75% Natural
15 Coarse
Aggregate
5
7 days 14 days 28 days
As per comparison – III

After all comparisons , we got that the 75% NCA concrete mixer possesses higher compressive strength than the 100%
NCA mixer of concrete.

Compressive strength (N/mm2)

comparison-III
45
33.12 75% Natural
35
27.2 31.55 Coarse
21.78 26.32 Aggregate
25
18.67 100% Natural
15
Coarse
5 Aggregate
7 days 14 days 28 days

After observing all the above comparison, we conclude that the concrete mix with 75% natural coarse aggregate and 25%
recycled coarse aggregate have more compressive strength and more sufficient than all of the above compositions of concrete
mixture .It can be more economical and used in many construction works.
CONCLUSION

The experimental results show that the compressive strength of concrete made of natural coarse aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate is approximately
same. Hence the recycled aggregate can be used in concrete with partial or full replacement of natural coarse aggregate. Subsequently, GREEN CONCRETE
which is construction demolished waste use as Recycle Coarse Aggregate in concrete mix can be used for construction purpose and it is more economical and
less environmental pollution.

The Entire study of this project work, seems to suggest that construction demolished waste usable as recycle coarse aggregate in concrete is most eco-friendly,
cost-beneficial and sustainable development in future construction works, The utilization of green concrete by using construction demolished waste in new
construction work is very important due to the materials waste is gradually increasing with the increase of population and urban development.

The integration of crushed concrete waste into concrete production presents a promising path toward sustainable construction. By addressing the associated
challenges through ongoing research and adhering to stringent safety protocols, the construction industry can significantly reduce its environmental footprint
while maintaining the quality and performance of concrete structures.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, we would like to thank our Project guide Mrs. ISHIKA GHOSH Madam, for her support and technical advice during the
course of the project. We have come so far in our project work and finished the whole project work firmly in future as a team and with
the guidance of our guide.

We are also deeply grateful to Mr. SHOUVIK SARKAR Sir, our Head of the Department, for his encouragement and support. His
leadership and vision have been a constant source of inspiration.

Special thanks to Mr. KARTIK JOYADDAR sir, Lab Assistant, for his assistance and cooperation during the practical aspects of this
project. His expertise and dedication significantly contributed to the success of this work.

We want to thank the Department of Civil Engineering of REGENT EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION for giving
us such a golden opportunity to start the project work effortlessly. We as a team are also thankful to our entire Civil Engineering
Department for their stimulating support.

At the end, hearty congratulations to my group members for facilitating every moment of planning and its implementation from the
beginning until now. Their involvement, suggestion and team work have taken our project work forward and will make it better.