Arowwai Industries

GROUP 4
R E P O R T E D B Y : J A C I N T O , O P U L E N C I A , T A R D E C I L L A
Introduction: Column Specifications and Code
Provisions for general
requirements of transverse reinforcement
 Columns
Are members used primarily to support axial compressive loads and
have ratio of height to the least lateral dimension of 3 or greater.

Types of columns: Columns may be classified based on the following

different categories.

1. Based on loading, columns may be classified as flows: Axially

loaded columns, where loads are assumed acting at the center of the
column section.
 Columns
Eccentrically loaded columns where loads are acting at a distance e
from the center of the column section. The distance e could be along x
or y axis.

• Biaxially loaded columns, where the load is applied at any point on

the columns section. 2. Based on length, columns may be classified
as follows: oShort columns, where the columns failure is due to the
crushing of concrete or yielding of steel bars under full load
capacity of the column.
 2. Based on length, columns may be classified as
follows:
Short columns, where the long columns, where buckling effect and slenderness
columns failure is due to ratio must be taken into consideration in design.
the crushing of concrete or
yielding of steel bars under
full load capacity of the
column.

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 Based on shape
3. Based on the shape of cross section column
may be square, rectangular, round, L-shape,
octagonal or any desired shape with an
adequate side width or dimension.

Based on column ties

columns may be classified as follows:

Tied columns contain steel ties to confine the main

longitudinal bars in the columns.

Spiral columns containing spirals to hold the main

longitudinal reinforcement and to help increase the
colum ductility before failure
 Based on frame bracing
Based on frame bracing, columns may be part of a frame that is braced
against sideway or unbraced against sideway. Bracing may be achieved by
using shear walls or bracing in the building frame.

Based on materials
Based materials, columns may be reinforced, prestressed, steel,
composite( containing steel section such as I-section), or a combination of
steel sections and reinforcing bars.
ACI CODE LIMITATIONS
1.For axially as well as eccentrically load column, the ACI sets the
strength reduction factor 0.65 for tied column and 0.75 for spirally
reinforced column.

2. The minimum longitudinal steel percentage is 1% , and the maximum

percentage is 8% of the gross area of the section.

3. At least for bars are required for tied circular and rectangular members
and six bars are needed for circular members enclosed by spirals.
ACI CODE LIMITATIONS
4.The main ratio of spiral reinforcement according to ACI code is

5.Ties columns must have minimum diameter of 3/8in. to enclose

longitudinal bars of no. 10 size or smaller.

6.Center to center of spacing of ties shall not exceed the smallest 48 ties
diam, 16 longitudinal diam or the least dimension
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT
Pure Axial Strength
and
Plastic Centroid
 Pure Axial Strength
Pure axial strength pertains to a structural member's capacity to sustain
axial loads, or loads delivered along the member's axis. This sort of stress
generates consistent stretching or compression of the member rather than
bending or twisting.

FORMULA:

Where;
 Pure Axial Strength - APPLICATION
• Column Design
• Tension Members
• Shafts and Axles
• Piping and Pipelines
• Bridge Cables
 Pure Axial Strength - EXAMPLE
PROBLEM: A cylindrical aluminum rod with a cross-sectional area of 50 mm^2 is
subjected to an axial load of 10 kN. Calculate the stress experienced by the rod.

SOLUTION:
P = 10 kN P = 10kN = 10×10^3N = 10,000N
A = 50 mm^2 A = 50mm^2 = 50×10^−6m^2 = 0.00005m^2
σ=? FORMULA: σ= P/A

σ = 10,000 N / 0.00005m^2
σ = 200,000,000 Pa (convert Pa to MPa)
σ = 200 MPa ---> stress experienced by the aluminum rod.
 Pure Axial Strength - IMPORTANCE
• Structural Integrity - It ensures that load-bearing members such as columns, beams, and struts
can withstand vertical loads without buckling or failing.
• Safety - Buildings and structures must be able to support their designed loads safely over time,
ensuring public safety and minimizing the risk of collapse.
• Design Efficiency - Optimizing axial strength allows for more efficient use of materials,
reducing costs and environmental impact.
• Functional Requirements - Many structural designs depend on axial strength to function
properly, such as tall buildings, bridges, and industrial equipment.
• Code Compliance - Building codes and regulations often specify minimum requirements for
axial strength to ensure structures meet safety standards.
• Maintenance - Proper axial strength reduces maintenance needs and prolongs the lifespan of
structures, enhancing their overall reliability.
 Plastic Centroid

• The plastic centroid is the point within a cross-section where applying a force
will result in uniform plastic deformation of the section.
• It indicates the center of mass for the distribution of plastic stresses.
• Essential for determining the moment capacity of a section in the plastic state.
 Plastic Centroid - APPLICATION
• Structural Analysis
• Design of Plastic Hinges
• Load Distribution
• Safety and Reliability
• Optimization of Material Usage
 Plastic Centroid - EXAMPLE
PROBLEM: Consider a T-section steel beam with dimensions as shown below. Determine the plastic centroid of the cross-
section.
• Flange dimensions: Width (b1) = 100 mm, Height (h1) = 20 mm
• Web dimensions: Width (b2) = 50 mm, Height (h2) = 80 mm
• Material yield stress (σ_y) = 300 MPa

SOLUTION:
For the flange (b1 × h1):

For the web (b2 × h2):

Total moment of inertia I about the centroidal axis:

Total area A of the cross-section:

Determine Plastic Centroid: --> the plastic centroid​

is located 0.548 mm from the neutral axis of the T-section steel beam cross-section.
 Plastic Centroid - IMPORTANCE
Structural Analysis Load Distribution Safety and Reliability

Design of Plastic Hinges Optimization of Material Usage

The plastic centroid is important in structural engineering for a variety of reasons. It predicts
structural behavior under excessive loads, minimizing catastrophic failures by directing design
choices that improve safety and dependability. It directs the location of plastic hinges, which are
critical for regulated plastic deformation in seismic design to provide stability during earthquakes.
Understanding the plastic centroid allows for accurate load distribution, which improves the
structure's performance and durability. This design also provides safety margins against failure
owing to plastic deformation, which is critical for preserving operation under harsh circumstances.
Finally, it helps to optimize material use, save building costs, and promote sustainability by
eliminating waste. As a whole, the plastic centroid is critical for creating durable, efficient, and
sustainable buildings.
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PURE AXIAL
STRENGTH AND PLASTIC CENTROID

Load Distribution: Axial Load Application Plastic Centroid

Pure Axial Strength Plastic Centroid

Structural Stability:

Material Efficiency Safety Margins

Design Optimization:

Predictive Analysis
Structural Performance:
Design and Analysis of Axially Loaded
Columns
 AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

• Columns subjected to loads acting along the longitudinal axis or

centroid of column section.

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN (uniaxial

loading )
• Loads which do not act on the longitudinal axis of the column
section

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN (biaxial

loading )
• If the eccentricity is with respect to both the axis (x and y axis) the
Fig 1
column is said to be under biaxial loading.
 Design of Axially Loaded
Collumns
• Very short columns subjected to axial compression fail by
yielding. Very long columns fail by buckling in the Euler
mode.
• Practical columns generally fail by inelastic buckling and do
not conform to the assumptions made in Euler theory. They do
not normally remain linearly elastic up to failure unless they
are very slender
• Slenderness ratio (λ/r) and material yield stress (fy) are
dominant factors affecting the ultimate strengths of axially
loaded columns.
• The compressive strengths of practical columns are
significantly affected by (i) the initial imperfection (ii) Design of Axially Loaded
eccentricity of loading (iii) residual stresses and (iv) lack of Columns
defined yield point and strain hardening. Ultimate load tests on
practical columns reveal a scatter band of results
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT FOR
COLUMNS
• REQUIREMENTS AS PER IS :456-2000,PG 48,CL.26.5.3
• FOR LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
• The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement
• Shall not be less then 0.8% Shall not be more than 6%
• Of the gross sectional area of the column
• Minimum number of longitudinal bars shall be 4 in rectangular
column and 6 in circular columns
• The bars shall not be less than 12mm in diameterDesign of Axially Loaded
Columns
• Spacing of longitudinal bars along the periphery should not exceed
300mm
SHORT AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

• The figure shows rectangular column section

subjected to axial load. The column is subjected
to uniform strain of 0.002 and uniform stress of
0.446fck.
• Axial load where e=0
• Pu=Puc+Pus
• Pu=0.446fck*Ac+fs*Ase Fy = stress in steel
corresponding to a strain of 0.002.
• • =0.87fy for Fe 250 Design
Shortof
Axially
Axially
Loaded
Loaded
• =0.79fy for Fe 415 Columns
• =0.75fy for Fe 500
ANALYSIS of LOADED COLUMNS
• It was observed that, day by day the increase in
the usage of cement leads to an increase in CO2
emission (greenhouse gases) and also a lot of
non-renewable resources are used in the
preparation of cement manufacturing. The other
problem that we have found is that nowadays
replacement of Mineral admixtures in cement is
widely using in construction or research work,
but when it comes to high-level replacement
many of them were failed due to bleeding or
segregation.
Construction of Interaction Diagrams
for Design of Columns

Tardecilla, Katrina Louise V.

Interaction Diagrams for
Design of Columns
• A graph that shows a plot for the axial load
(Pn) that a column could carry versus its
moment capacity (Mn).
• Analyze the strength of the column.
• The load combinations under any case that
falls inside the curve are satisfactory.
• The load combination under any case that
falls outside the curve represents a failed Interaction Diagram
design. for
Design of Columns
 Why do we need an interaction
curve?
• Columns fail due to the combined effect of the moment and axial load.

• Different axial loads result in different failure moments.

• Quick judging if a column section is safe under a given

factored load effect combination (Pu, My, Mz)
 Formulas
WHEN THE MAXIMUM
STRESSES ARE
ACHIEVED FOR SUCH A
COLUMN, FAILURE WILL
OCCUR UNDER
COMPRESSION.

THE INTERACTION
EQUATION SHOWING
THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN, P AND M AT
FAILURE.
Generate Interaction Diagrams
Assumes many strain
distributions.
Each corresponding to a
certain point on the interaction
diagram then determining the
corresponding values of Pn
and Mn.

The results are plotted as

an interaction diagram.
• The maximum compressive strain is
set at 0.003.

• The strain at each level of

reinforcement is obtained from the
strain distribution curve after
selecting the location of the neutral
axis.et at 0.003.

• The size of the compression stress

block and the stress in each layer of
reinforcements is computed from the
above strain values.
• The forces in the concrete and steel
layers, are calculated by multiplying
the stress values by the areas on
which they act.

• Finally, the axial force is obtained by

summing the individual forces in the
concrete and steel.

• The moment is calculated by adding

the moments of these forces about
the geometric centroid of the cross-
section.
• The interaction curve is obtained by
plotting Pn and Mn.

• Other points on the interaction

diagram can be generated by
selecting different values for the
depth, c, to the neutral axis from the
extreme compression fibre.