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N ATA L

PERIOD
Human
life begins at

CONCEPTION

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THE STAGES OF PRE-NATAL DEVELOPMENT
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GERMINAL EMBRYONIC FETAL

PERIOD PERIOD PERIOD

First 2 weeks 2 – 8 weeks 2 – 7 months

after conception after conception after conception

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GERMINAL PERIOD
• Happens 2 weeks after
conception

Includes:
• creation of the zygote;
• continued cell division; and
• the attachment of the zygote
to the uterine wall
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 GERMINAL PERIOD
The following are the details of development during this
period:

a. 24 to 30 hours after fertilization – the male (sperm)

and female (egg) unite
b. 36 hours – the fertilized ovum, zygote, divides into
2 cells
c. 48 hours (2 days) – 2 cells become 4 cells
d. 72 hours (3 days) – 4 cells become a small compact
ball of 16 – 32 cells
e. 96 hours ( 4 days) – hollow ball of 64 -128 cells
f. 4 – 5 days – inner cell mass (blastocyst) still free in
the uterus
g. 6 – 7 days – blastocyst attaches to the wall of uterus
h. 11 – 15 days – blastocyst invades into uterine wall
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and becomes implanted in it (implantation)
GERMINAL PERIOD

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GERMINAL PERIOD
• The blastocyst, the inner
layer of cells that develops
during the germinal period,
develops later into embryo.

• The trophoblast, the outer

layer of the cells that develop
during germinal period, later
provides nutrition and
support for the embryo.
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EMBRYONIC PERIOD
• Happens 2-8 weeks after
conception
• The name of the mass cells, zygote,
become embryo

Includes:
• cell differentiation intensifies
• life-support systems for the embryo
develop
• organs appear
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EMBRYONIC PERIOD
• The process of organ
formation during the
first two months of
pre-natal development
is called
organogenesis.

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EMBRYONIC PERIOD
• As these three layers form
(endoderm, ectoderm,
mesoderm), the support system
for the embryo develop rapidly
which are the:

- placenta
- umbilical cord
- amnion
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EMBRYONIC PERIOD
• PLACENTA
- a life-support
system that consist of a disk-
shape group of tissues in which
small blood vessels from the
mother and the offspring
intertwine but do not join

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EMBRYONIC PERIOD
• UMBILICAL CORD
- contains two arteries
and one vein that connects the
baby to the placenta

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EMBRYONIC PERIOD
• AMNION
- is a bag or an
envelope that contains clear fluid
in which the developing embryo
floats

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08/01/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 14

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FETAL PERIOD
• Happens 2-7 months after
conception
• Growth and development
continue dramatically during
this period

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FETAL PERIOD
3 MONTHS AFTER CONCEPTION
• fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 1 ounce
• it has become more active by moving its arms and legs,
opens and closes its mouth, and move its head
• face, forehead, eyelids, nose, chin can now be distinguished
and also the upper arms, lower arms, hands, and lower limbs
• the genitals can now be identified as male or female

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FETAL PERIOD
4 MONTHS AFTER CONCEPTION
• fetus is about 6 inches long and weighs about 4 to 7 ounces
• growth spurt occurs in the body’s lower parts
• pre-natal reflexes are stronger
• mother feels arm and leg movements for the first time

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FETAL PERIOD
5 MONTHS AFTER CONCEPTION
• fetus is about 12 inches long and weighs close to a pound
• structures of the skin (fingernails, toenails) have formed
• fetus is more active

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FETAL PERIOD
6 MONTHS AFTER CONCEPTION
• fetus is about 14 inches long and weighs one and half pound
• eyes and eyelids are completely formed
• fine layer of hair covers the head
• grasping reflex is present and irregular movements occur

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FETAL PERIOD
7 MONTHS AFTER CONCEPTION
• fetus is about 16 inches long and weighs 3 pounds

8 and 9 MONTHS AFTER CONCEPTION

• fetus grows longer and gains substantial weight, about 4
pounds

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 T E R AT O L O G Y
A N D
H A Z A R D S T O
P R E N ATA L
D E V E L O P M E N T
TERATOLOGY
• is the field that investigates the causes of congenital (birth)
defects.

TERATOGEN
• Any agent that causes a birth defect.
• From the Greek word tera “monster”

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PRESCRIPTION AND
NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS

• Antibiotic is an example of prescription drug that can be

harmful
• Example of nonprescription drugs are diet pills, aspirin, and
coffee.
• Cocaine exposure during prenatal development
is associated with reduced birthweight, length and
head circumference, impaired motor
development, impaired information processing 23
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
• Are drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness,
modify perceptions, and change moods
• These include nicotine, caffeine and illegal drugs such as marijuana,
cocaine and heroin.
• Heavy drinking by pregnant women results to the so-called fetal alcohol
syndrome (FAS) which is a cluster of abnormalities that appear in
children of mothers who drink alcohol, heavily during pregnancy
• Fetal and neonatal deaths are higher among smoking mothers. There are
also higher incidences of preterm births and lower birthweights among
children with smoking mothers ( Wang et. Al, 2000 quoted by Santrock
2002). 24
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

• These include radiation in jobsites and X-yrays.

Environmental pollutants, toxic wastes, and prolonged
exposure to heat in saunas and bath tubs.

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OTHER MATERNAL FACTORS
• Other maternal factors such as Rubella ( German Measles), syphilis,
genital herpes, AIDS, nutrition, high anxiety and stress, age ( too early
or too late, beyond 30)
• According to Santrock 2002, rubella ( German Measles) in 1964-65
resulted in 30000 pre-natal and neonatal (newborn) deaths and more
than 20,000 affected infants were born with malformations, including:
mental retardation; blindness or eye problems; heart problems
• Syphilis damages organs after they are formed. These damages include
eye lesions, which can cause blindness, and skin lesions. When syphilis
is present at birth, other problems involving the central nervous system
and gastrointestinal tract that can develop. 26
OTHER MATERNAL FACTORS
• AIDS a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which destroys the
body’s immune system

• A mother can infect their child in 3 ways:

- During gestation across the placenta
- During delivery through contact with Maternal
bloods
or fluids
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OTHER MATERNAL FACTORS
• AIDS a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which destroys the
body’s immune system

• A mother can infect their child in 3 ways:

- During gestation across the placenta
- During delivery through contact with Maternal
bloods
or fluids
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OTHER MATERNAL FACTORS
• Studies shows that increased stress during pregnancy leads to premature
birth and reduced birth weight.

• Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy may also result to inadequate

growth in the fetus.

• Folic acid is necessary for pregnant mothers. It can reduce the risk of
having baby with serious birth defect of the brain and spinal cord, called
the “neural tube”

• Spina Bifida Is the most common neural tube defect is born with a spine29
PATERNAL FACTORS
• Father’s exposure to lead, radiation, certain pesticides, and
petrochemicals may cause abnormalities in sperm that lead
to miscarriage diseases such as childhood cancer (Santrock,
2002)

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