ADOL REVIEWER

I. PRE NATAL PERIOD OUTER LAYER OF CELLS

PRENATAL PERIOD ✓ ECTODERM- is the outermost layer which becomes

the nervous system, sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose)
• PRENATAL and skin parts (nails, hair).

✓(Latin) “pre-” before + “(g)natus,” birth = before ✓ MESODERM – is the middle layer which becomes
birth. the circulatory, skeletal, muscular, excretory and
reproductive systems.
✓Development between conception and birth
✓Organogenesis - the process of organ formation
THREE STAGES during the first two months of pre-natal development.

➢germinal stage 3 layers of the embryo form, the support systems for the
embryo develop rapidly...
Major Embyological Events:
 3. 5 mm - 25 days 3 ½ weeks ✓ PLACENTA – is a life-support system that consists
 10mm – 36 days 5 weeks of a disk- shaped group of tissues in which small blood
 30 mm- 56 days 8 weeks vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but
do not join
➢The two-week period after conception
✓ UMBILICAL CORD - contains two arteries and one
➢This includes the creation of zygote, continued cell vein that connects the baby to the placenta
division and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine
wall. ✓ AMNION – is a bag or an envelope that contains a
clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats
Blastocyst - the inner layer of cells that develops during
the germinal period, develops later into the embryo. FETAL PERIOD

Trophoblast- the outer layer of cells that develops also ➢2 months to 7 months after conception
during the germinal period, later provides nutrition
and support for the embryo. ➢Growth and development continue dramatically
during this period.
EMBRYONIC PERIOD
3 months after conception
➢Two weeks after conception. In this stage, the name of
the mass cells, zygote, become embryo Cell  Fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 1
differentiation intensifies . ounce
 Fetus has become active, moves its arms and
 embryo Cell differentiation intensifies . legs
 Life-support systems for the embryo develop  The genitals can now be identified
 Organs appear
4 months after conception
As the zygote gets attached to the wall of the uterus,
layers of cells are formed....  Fetus is about 6 inches long and weighs 4 to 7
ounces
✓ EMBRYO’S ENDODERM  Growth spurt occurs in the body’s lower parts
 Pre-natal reflexes are stronger, mother feels arm
➢ inner layer of cells that develops into the digestive and leg movements for the 1st time
and respiratory systems.
5 months after conception
  Fetus is about 12 inches long and weighs close -Heavy drinking by pregnant women results to the so-
to a pound called fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) which is a cluster of
abnormal ties that appear in the children of mothers who
drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy.

 Structures of the skin (fingernails, toenails) have

formed
 Fetus is more active 3. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

6 months after conception -These include radiation in jobsites and X-rays,

environmental pollutants, toxic wastes, and prolonged
 Fetus is about 14 inches long and weighs one exposure to heat in saunas and bath tubs.
and half pound
 Eyes and Eyelids are completely formed; fine 4. OTHER MATERNAL FACTORS
layer of head covers the head
-Rubella (German measles)
 Grasping reflex is present and irregular
-Syphilis- damages organs after they have formed.
7 months after conception
Mother can infect her child in 3 ways
 Fetus is about 16 inches long and weighs 3
pounds 1. during gestation across the placenta, 2. during
delivery through contact with maternal blood or fluids,
8 and 9 months after conception
and 3. postpartum (after birth) through breast feeding.
 Fetus grows longer and gains substantial weight, FOLIC ACID
about 4 pounds.
• It is necessary for pregnant mothers.
FACTORS AFFECTING PRENATAL PERIOD
• Can reduce the risk of having a baby with a serious
TERATOLOGY AND HAZARDS TO PRENATAL birth defect of the brain and spinal cord, called the
DEVELOPMENT ‘neutral tube’
TERATOLOGY 5. PATERNAL FACTORS
 Is the field that investigates the causes of - Fathers exposure to lead,radiation, certain pesticides
congenital (birth) defects. and petrochemicals may cause abnormalities in sperm
 A teratogen is that which causes birth defects. It that lead to miscarriage or disease such as childhood
comes from the Greek word “tera” which means cancer.
“monster”.
B. THREATS TO PRENATAL
A. CLUSTERS OF HAZARDS TO PRE-NATAL
DEVELOPMENT (Factors Affecting Pregnancy) 1. MISCARRIAGE
1.PRESCRIPTION AND NONPRESCRIPTION - When the baby is lost before the 20th week of gestation
DRUGS
- Beyond this, it is already considered as stillbirth.
- Antibiotic is an example of a prescription drug that can
be harmful. Examples of harmful non-prescription drugs - Chromosomal abnormalities is the most common
are diet pills, aspirin, and coffee. reason

2. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS 2. ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

-These include nicotine, caffeine and illegal drugs such - When the zygote is implanted along fallopian tube or
as marijuana, cocaine and heroin. elsewhere outside the uterus
3. COMPLICATION ASSOCIATED TO ❖ In general, an infant’s length increases by about 30%
PREGNANCY in the first 5 months.

- When gestation, hormonal and biological changes are Brain Development

expected rapidly that can cause loss of pregnancy.
Among the most dramatic changes in the brain in the
first 2 years of life are the spreading connections of

II. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS AND dendrites to each other. (Remember neurons, dendrites,
TOODLER axon, synapses).

INFANTS Myelination or myelinization

❖Baby = a very young child that can neither walk nor ▪ The process by which the axons are covered and
talk insulated by layers of fat cells, begins prenatally and
continues after birth.
❖In an early stage of development= just the beginning
▪ The process of MYELINATION or
TODDLERS MYELINIZATION increases the speed at w/c
information travels through the nervous system.
❖Young child: a young child who is learning to walk
➢At birth, the newborn’s brain is about 25% of its adult
CEPHALOCAUDAL weight. By the second birthday, the brain is about 75%
of its adult weight.
❖ The postnatal growth from conception to 5 months
when the head grows more than the body. Motor Development

❖ The greatest growth always occurs at the top –the Along this aspect of motor development, infants and
head. toddlers begin from reflexes, to gross motor skills and
fine motor skills.
➢ The infants learns to use their ‘’UPPER LIMBS
‘’before heir ‘’LOWER LIMBS ‘’. REFLEXES

➢ The same pattern occurs in the head area . ❖ The newborn has some basic reflexes which are, of
course automatic, and serve as survival mechanisms
PROXIMODISTAL before they have the opportunity to learn.

• The pre-natal growth from 5 months to birth when the COMMON REFLEXES
fetus grows from the inside of the body outwards.
Sucking Reflex (The sucking reflexes is initiated when
• The muscular control of the trunk and the arms comes something touches the roof of an infant’s mouth.
earlier as compared to the hands and fingers.
Rooting Reflex (The roofing reflex is most evident
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT when an infant’s cheek is stroked. The baby responds by
turning his or her head in the direction of the touch and
 Refers to the development of motor skills from the opening their mouth for feeding).
center of the body outward.
Gripping Reflex (Babies will grasp anything that is
HEIGHT & WEIGHT PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTS placed in their palm. The strength of this grip is strong,
and most babies can support their entire weight in their
❖Its normal for new born babies to drop 5 to 10 percent grip).
of their body weight within a couple of weeks of birth.
Curling Reflex (When the inner sole of a baby’s foot is
❖Breastfed babies are typically heavier than the bottle- stroked the infant respond by curling his or her toes.
fed babies through the first 6 months.
Startle/Moro Reflex (Infants will respond to sudden Under the infancy stage, the roots of language are as
sounds or movements by throwing their arms and legs follows:
out, and throwing their heads back.
 cooing
Galant Reflex (The galant reflex is shown when an  crying
infant’s middle or lower back is stroked next to the  babbling
spinal cord. The baby will respond by curving his or her
body toward the side which is being stroked).

Tonic Neck Reflex (The tonic neck reflex is

demonstrated in infants who are placed on their
abdomens. ➢Holophrases

LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS and  The infant uses these one-word utterances to
TODDLERS convey intentions, desires and demands.

Gross Motor Skills ➢Overextension error (linguistic)

✓ It is always a source of excitement for parents to  The child overextends the meaning of words in
witness dramatic changes in the infant’s first year of life. his/her existing lexicon to cover things and ideas
This dramatic motor development is shown in babies for which a new word is lacking
unable to even lift their heads to being able to grab
things off the cabinet, to chase the ball and to walk away ➢Telegraphic speech
from parents.
 Gradually between 1.5 and 2.5 years of age,
Fine Motor Skills children start combining single words to produce
two-word utterances.
✓ Are skills that involve a refined use of the small
muscles controlling the hand, finger and thumb. The ➢ Noam Chomsky (1965, 1972)
development of these skills allows one to be able to
complete tasks such as writing, drawing and buttoning.  Claims that humans have innate language
acquisition device ( LAD). This LAD is a
✓ The ability to exhibit fine motor skills involve metaphorical organ that is responsible for
activities that involve precise eye- hand coordination. language learning.
SENSORY and PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF Early Childhood
(The Preschooler)
-The newborn senses the world into which he/she is born
through his/her senses of vision, hearing, touch, taste Preschooler Years (3-5y/o)
and smell. As he/she advances physically his/her sensory
and perceptual abilities also develop. • commonly known as “the years before formal
schooling begins”.
INTERMODAL PERCEPTION is the ability to relate,
connect and integrate information about two or more • It is very important as it lays for the foundation to later
sensory modalities such as vision and hearing. development.
III. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS • At this stage preschoolers achieve many developmental
AND TODDLERS milestones.
Cognitive development in infancy refers to It focuses on the:
development in the way a baby thinks. This includes
language, communication and exploration skills. • acquisition of gross and fine motor skills
infantile amnesia the inability to recall events that • artistic expression,
happened when we were very young
• proper nutrition and sleep ADDITIONAL INFO

Big Ideas about the Physical Development of 1. use of good social skills in order to include and
Preschoolers accommodate for the wide range of students in the
classroom.
1. significant changes in physical growth
2. acquisition of gross and fine motor skills.  INCLUSIVE EDUCATOR
3. can express themselves artistically at a very
early age. 2. known protective factor for children and young
4. can express themselves artistically at a very people's mental health and well-being that is also
early age. considered essential for success in life
5. maximizing the growth and development of
preschoolers.  HEALTHY SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
6. Preschoolers with special needs

Significant Changes in Physical Growth

3. What developmental milestone in language is
 Physical Growth demonstrated by a child who is 36 months old?
 Gross Development
 Fine Development  combines words into short-sentences

Physical Growth of Preschoolers 4. Use to learn language and use in make-believe play,
they are theorized to be in what stage of Piaget’s
 more slender appearance of a child. developmental stages?
 trunk, arms and legs become longer.
 PRE OPERATIONAL
Center of Gravity
5. What is the importance of the development of
- the point in which body-weight is evenly distributed. prefrontal lobe during adolescent stage?

-Toodlers center of gravity is the chest level.  THINKING PROCESS

Toddle 6. Why do parents need to monitor their children’s

digital engagement?
- the wobbly way that toodlers walk.
 It makes children socially aloof.
-Preschoolers center of gravity is at the lower
7. How is reflex explained?
level.
 Synaptic connection
The later part of Preschooler (5-6y/o)

-best time to begin learning skills that require 8. Identical twins are orphaned and raised separately
by their relatives who belong to different socio-
balance like riding a bike or skating. economic performance. What explains this difference

3 years old  Difference in nurture.

- their teeth are already in place and their permanent 9. Which of the following statements about learning is
teeth NOT TRUE?

Preschooler Years  Learning is another word for maturation

- a time to instill habits of good dental hygiene.

10. . What stage of human development describes “the
child establishing a language, sex, typing, group play
and ends with readiness for schooling”?

 EARLY CHILDHOOD

11. Menarche is to girls as _____ is to boys.

 SPERMACHE

12. Testosterone is to boys, ____ is to girls.

 ESTROGEN

13. Hailey loves reading comic book series of

superheroes. Which cognitive characteristic is shown
here

 Her attention span is longer; hence they are

more involved in serial stories.