ELECTRIC CIRCUITS (BEL 10103) LECTURE #01

By: Muhammad Hazli Mazlan Department of Electronic Engineering Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Chapter 1: Introduction to Electrical Circuit Theory

Lecture Contents
Definitions and Units Charge and Currents Voltage, Energy, and Power Circuit Elements

1.1 Definitions and Units

Electric circuit, or electric network:

- An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements in some way.

FIGURE 1: General two-terminal electrical elements

Example of electric circuit

FIGURE 2: A simple electric circuit

FIGURE 3: Schematic diagram of a radio receiver

Quantities and SI Units

Quantities and SI Units: - The International System of Units (SI) will be used throughout this course. - One great advantage of the SI unit is that it uses prefixes based on the power of 10 to relate larger and smaller units to the basic unit (Table 3)

The six basic SI units

Table 1: The six basic SI Units QUANTITY
Length Mass Time Electric current Thermodynamic temperature Luminous intensity

BASIC UNIT
Meter Kilogram Second Ampere Kelvin Candela

SYMBOL
m kg s A K cd

Table2: Electrical quantity, symbol and unit

Quantity
Charge Current Energy Power Voltage Resistance Conductance Impedance Inductor Capacitor Frequency Reactance

Symbol
Q I W P V R G Z L C F X

Unit
Coulomb (C) Ampere (A) Joule (J) Watt (W) Volt (V) Ohm () Siemens (S) Ohm () Henry (H) Farad (F) Hertz (Hz) Ohm ()

Formula and Unit

Current x time ; As Charge / time ; C/s Power x time ; Ws Energy/ time ; J/s Energy/charge ; J/C Voltage/Current; V/A Current/Voltage; A/V Voltage/Current; V/A Weber / Current; Wb/A Charge/Voltage; C/V 1/time(sec); 1/s Voltage/Current; V/A

Prefix in the SI
Table 3: Prefixes and symbols
MULTIPLIER 10^12 10^09 10^06 10^03 10^-03 10^-06 10^-09 10^-12 PREFIXES tera giga mega kilo mili micro nano pico SYMBOL T G M k m n p

1.2 Charge and Current

Charge (Q or q): - Is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consist, measured in Coulomb (C). - The charge of an electron (negative charge) and that of a proton (positive charge) are equal in magnitude

- Q (Coulomb) = I( ampere) x t( second) - 1 ampere- hour = 3600 C - One Coulomb is the total charge possessed by 6.25 x 10^18 electrons. - A single electron has a charge of 1.6 x 10^19 C.

Cont

Battery

FIGURE 4: Electric current due to flow of electronic charge in a conductor

Explanation of FIGURE 4
When a conducting wire (consisting of several atoms) is connected to a battery (a source of electromotive force). The charges are compelled to move; positive charges move in one direction while negative charges move in the opposite direction. This motion of charges creates electric current. It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of positive charges, that is, opposite to the flow of negative charges.

Electric current
Electric current (I): - Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A). - 1 Ampere = 1 coulomb/second (C/s)

Cont
Mathematically: The relationship between current i, charge q, and time t, is

dq i= dt

(1)

where current is measured in amperes (A), and 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second

Cont
The charge transferred between time to and t is obtained by integrating both sides of Eq. (1). We obtain,

q = idt
to

(2)

Currents

FIGURE 5: Two common types of current: (a) direct current (dc), (b) alternating current (ac).

Cont
A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant and does not change with time. By convention the symbol I is used to represent such a constant current. An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally with time. A time-varying current is represented by the symbol i. A common form of time-varying current is the sinusoidal current or alternating current (ac).

Conventional Current Flow

Cont
Once we define that the current as the movement of charge the direction of current flow is conventionally taken as the direction of positive charge movement. A negative current of -5A flowing in one direction is the same as a current of +5A flowing in the opposite direction.

Examples
Given:(a) i(t) = 5 sin6 t A. Calculate Q from t=0 to t=10 ms. (b) i(t) = e-2t mA . Calculate Q from t=0 to t=2s ?

Solutions

Example
How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?

Solution

1.3 Voltage, Energy and Power

To move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires some work or energy transfer. This work is performed by an external electromotive force (emf), typically represented by the battery This emf is also known as voltage or potential difference. The voltage vab between two points a and b in an electric circuit is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b; mathematically,

Cont
dw v ab = dq
(3)

where w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulombs (C). The voltage Vab or simply v is measured in volts (V), From Eq. (3). It is evident that, 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton meter/coulomb

Voltage
Voltage (V): Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V).

Cont

FIGURE 6: Polarity of voltage Vab

Cont

FIGURE 7: Two equivalent representations of the same voltage Vab: (a)point a is 9 V above point b, (b)point b is -9 V above point a.

Energy (W)
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J). Also defined as the rate at which power is used in a certain length of time. The electric energy used by consumers is measured in watt-hour (Wh) or kilowatthour (kWh) where 1 Wh = 3600 J

 The relationship between energy and power is given as: W = P x t (J) 1 (J) = 1 (Ws)

Power (P)
Power: - Power is the rate at which energy is used, measured in watts (W).
In other words, power (P), is a certain amount of energy (W) used in a certain length of time (t), expressed as follows:

P = W/t =(W/Q) x (Q/t) = VI (Watt)

or for time-varying power,

dw p= dt
(4)

Cont
where p is power in watts (W), w is energy in joules (J), and t is time in seconds (s). or

p = iv

(5)

Cont
Power can be delivered or absorbed as defined by the polarity of the voltage and the direction of the current.

Power delivered or supplied by voltage source

I + V Power absorbed by resistor

Homework [1]
1. An electrical element draws the current i(t)=10cos 4t A at a voltage v(t) = 120 cos 4t V. Find the energy absorbed by the element in 2 s. 2. The current of a device is i(t) = 3e-2t A and the voltage is v(t) = 5di/dt V . Find the charge delivered between t = 0 and t = 2s. Calculate the power absorbed.

Solution Homework [1]

Example
1. A 12V battery is connected to an electric circuit. Determine the power supplied by the battery if 10mA current flows through the circuit. 2. A 4V dc voltage across an electric element used 30J energy within 5 minutes. Find the current passing through the element.

Solution
1. P = V I = (12) (10 x 10-3) = 0.12W 2. P = W / t = 30 / (5 x 60) = 0.1 W I = P / V = 0.1W / 4V = 0.025A = 25mA

1.4 Circuit Elements

An element is the basic building block of circuit. An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the elements. Circuit analysis is the process of determining voltages across (or the currents through) the elements of the circuit. There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive elements and active elements.

Cont
An active element is capable of generating energy while a passive element is not. Examples of passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Typical active elements include generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers. The most important active elements are voltage or current sources that generally deliver power to the circuit connected to them. There are two kinds of sources: independent and dependent sources.

Independent Source
An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables.

FIGURE 7: Symbols for independent voltage sources: (a)used for constant or time-varying voltage, (b)used for constant voltage (dc).

A circle is used to represent an independent source

I V I

Dependent Source
An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current. Dependent sources are usually designated by diamondshaped symbols. Since the control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or current of some other element in the circuit, and the source can be voltage or current, it follows that there are four possible types of dependent source namely:
1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS). 2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS). 3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS). 4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).

Cont

FIGURE 8: Symbol for independent current source.

Dependent Source (cont)

FIGURE 9: Symbols for: (a) dependent voltage source (b) dependent current source.

A diamond is used to represent a dependent source.

Is= Ix

Vs= Vx

Example
Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)

vx

Vs= vx

The parameter is a ratio of two voltages and therefore is dimensionless.

Example
Voltage controlled current source (VCCS)

vx

Is=gm vx

Example
Current controlled voltage source (CCVS)

Ix V = m Ix

Example
Current controlled current source (CCCS)

ix Is = ix

Homework [2]
Calculate the power absorbed by each component.
I 6V 6A + 16V P1 10A P3 P2 22V P4 0.4I

Solution Homework [2]