UNIT - V

Case Studies
Industry Automation
• 1. Machine Prognosis & Diagnosis :
• Machine Prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a machine
by analysing the data on the current operating conditions and how
much deviations exist from the normal operating conditions.
• Machine Diagnosis refers to determining the cause of a machine fault.
• IoT Plays a major role in both Prognosis and Diagnosis of industrial
machines.
• Industrial machines have a large number of components that must
function correctly for the machine to perform its operation.
• Sensors in the machines can monitor the operating conditions such as
temperature and vibration levels.
Cont…
• The sensor data measurements are done on timescales of few milliseconds
to few seconds, which leads to generation of massive amount of data.
• IoT based systems integrated with cloud-based storage and analytics
back-ends can help in storage, collection and analysis of massive scale
machine sensor data.
• A number of methods have been proposed for reliability analysis and fault
prediction in machines.
• Case Based Reasoning (CBR) is a commonly used method that finds
solutions to new problems based on past experience.
• CBR is an effective technique for solving in the fields in which it is hard
to establish a quantitative mathematical model, such as machine diagnosis
and prognosis.
Cont…
• For each machine, data from a very large number of sensors is
collected, using such high dimensional data for creation of case library
reduces the case retrieval efficiency.
• Therefore, data reduction and feature extraction methods are used to
find the representative set of features which have the same
classification ability as the complete of features.
• 2. Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
• Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for health and
safety of the workers.
• Harmful and toxic gases such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen
Monoxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), etc, can cause serious
health problems.
Cont…
• IoT based gas monitoring systems can help in monitoring the indoor air
quality using various gas sensors.
• The indoor air quality can vary for different locations.
• Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can identify the hazardous
zones, so that corrective measures can be taken to ensure proper
ventilation.
• A hybrid sensor system for indoor air quality monitoring, which contains
both stationary sensors (for accurate readings and calibration) and mobile
sensors (for coverage).
• Wireless solution for indoor air quality monitoring that measures the
environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, gaseous pollutants,
aerosol and particulate matter to determine the indoor air quality.
Cont…
• IoT based gas monitoring systems can help in monitoring the indoor air
quality using various gas sensors.
• The indoor air quality can vary for different locations.
• Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can identify the hazardous
zones, so that corrective measures can be taken to ensure proper
ventilation.
• A hybrid sensor system for indoor air quality monitoring, which contains
both stationary sensors (for accurate readings and calibration) and mobile
sensors (for coverage).
• Wireless solution for indoor air quality monitoring that measures the
environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, gaseous pollutants,
aerosol and particulate matter to determine the indoor air quality.
Transportation or Logistics
• 1. Route Generation & Scheduling: Modern transportation systems
are driven by data collected from multiple sources which is processed
to provide new services to stakeholders.
• Route generation and scheduling systems can generate end-to-end
routes using combination of route patterns and transportation modes
and feasible schedules based on the availability of vehicles.
• A the transportation network grows in size and complexity, the number
of possible route combinations increases exponentially.
• IoT based systems backed by cloud can provide fast response to the
route generation queries and can be scaled up to serve a large
transportation network.
Cont…
• 2. Fleet Tracking: Vehicle fleet tracking systems use GPS technology to
track the locations of the vehicles in real-time.
• Cloud based fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on demand to handle
large number of vehicles.
• Alerts can be generated in case of deviations in planned routes.
• The vehicle locations and routes data can be aggregated and analysed for
detecting bottlenecks in the supply chain such as traffic congestions on
routes, assignments and generations of alternative routes, and supply chain
optimization.
• Fleet tracking system for commercial vehicles, the system can analyze
messages sent from the vehicles to identify unexpected incidents and
discrepancies between actual and planned data, so that remedial actions can
be taken.
Cont…
• 3. Shipment Monitoring: Shipment monitoring solutions for
transportation systems allow monitoring the conditions inside containers.
• For example, containers carrying fresh food produce can be monitored to
prevent spoilage of food.
• IoT based shipment monitoring systems can use sensors such as
temperature, pressure, humidity, for instance, to monitor the conditions
inside the containers and send the fact to the cloud, where it can be
analysed to detect food spoilage.
• The analysis and interpretation of data on the environmental conditions in
the container and food truck positioning can enable more effective
routing decisions in real time.
• Alerts can be raised to both driver and distributor for corrective measures.
Cont…
• 4. Remote vehicle Diagnostics: Remote vehicle diagnostics systems can detect
faults in the vehicles or warn of impending faults.
• These diagnostic systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting data on vehicle
operation such as speed, engine RPM, coolent temperature etc, and status of
various vehicle sub-systems.
• Such data can be captured by integrating on-board diagnostic systems with IoT
devices using protocols such as CAN bus.
• Modern commercial vehicles support on-board diagnostic (OBD) standards such as
OBD-II.
• OBD systems provide real-time data on the status of vehicle sub-systems and
diagnostic trouble codes which allow rapidly identifying the faults in the vehicle.
• IoT based vehicle diagnostic systems can send the vehicle data to centralised
servers or the cloud where it can be analysed to generate alerts and suggest
remedial actions.
Agriculture
• 1. Smart Irrigation: Smart Irrigation systems can improve crop
yields while saving water.
• Smart irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to
determine the amount of moisture in the soil and release the flow of
water through irrigation pipes only when the moisture levels go below
predefined threshold.
• Smart irrigation systems also collect moisture level measurements on a
server or in the cloud where the collected data can be analysed to plan
watering schedules.
• Cultivar’s Rain Cloud is a device for smart irrigation that uses water
volves, soil sensors and a Wi-Fi enabled programmable computer.
Cont…
• 2. Green House Control: Green houses are structures with glass or
plastic roofs that provide conductive environment for growth of plants.
• The climatological conditions inside a Green House can be monitored
and controlled to provide the best conditions for growth of plants.
• The temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light and carbon dioxide levels
are monitored using sensors and the climatological conditions are
controlled automatically using actuation devices.
• IoT systems play an important role in Green House control and help in
improving productivity.
• The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralised servers or
in the cloud where analysis is performed to optimize the control strategies
and also correlate the productivity with different control strategies.
Healthcare
• 1. Health & Fitness Monitoring: Wearable IoT devices that allow non-
invasive and continuous monitoring of physiological parameters can help in
continuous health and fitness monitoring.
• These wearable devices may can be in various forms such as belts and wrist-
bands.
• The wearable devices form a type of wireless sensor networks called body
area networks in which the measurements from a number of wearable
devices are continuous send to a master node such as a smart phone. Which
can send the data to a server or a cloud for analysis.
• Health-care providers can analyze the collected data to determine any health
conditions or anomalies.
• Commonly used body sensors include: body temperature, heart rate, BP,
ECG, Pulse oximeter oxygen saturation etc.
Cont…
• 2. Wearable Electronics: Wearable electronics such as wearable
gadgets (smart watches, smart glasses, wrist bands etc.) and fashion
electronics (with electronics integrated in clothing and accessories)
provide various functions and features to assist us in our daily
activities and making us lead health lifestyle.
• Smart watches that run mobile operating systems provide enhanced
functionality beyond just timekeeping.
• Smart shoes monitor the walking or running speeds and jumps with
the help of embedded sensors and be paired with smart-phones to
visualize the data.
• Smart wristbands can track the daily exercise and calories burnt.
Home Automation
• 1. Smart Lighting: Smart lighting for homes helps in saving energy
by adapting the lighting to the ambient conditions and switching
on/off or dimming the lights when needed.
• Key enabling technologies for smart lighting include solid state
lighting (LED lights) and IP-enabled lights.
• Smart lighting solutions for home achieve energy savings by sensing
the human movements and their environments and controlling the
lights accordingly.
• Wireless-enabled and Internet connected lights can be controlled
remotely from IoT applications such as a mobile or web application.
• Smart lights with sensors for occupancy, temperature, lux level etc.
Cont…
• 2. Smart Appliances: Modern homes have a number of appliances
such as TVs, Refrigerators, Music Systems, Washer/Dryers, etc.
• Managing and controlling these appliances can be cumbersome, with
each appliance having its own controls or remote controls.
• Smart appliances make the management easier and also provide status
information to the users remotely.
• For example, smart washer/dryers that can be controlled remotely and
notify when the washing/drying cycle is complete.
• Smart thermostats allow controlling the temperature remotely and
smart refrigerator can keep track of the items stored and send updates
to the users when an item is low on stack, etc.
Cont…
• 3. Intrusion Detection: Home intrusion detection systems use security cameras
and sensors to detect intrusions and raise alerts.
• Alerts can be in the form of an SMS or an email sent to the user.
• Advanced systems can even send detailed alerts such as an image grab or a short
video clip sent as an email attachment.
• A cloud-controlled intrusion detection system that uses location-aware services,
where the geo-location of each node of a home automation system is
independently detected and stored in the cloud.
• In the event of intrusions, the cloud services alert the accurate neighbours or local
police.
• An intrusion detection system based on UPnP technology is described. The
system uses image processing to recognize the intrusion and extract the intrusion
subject and generate Universal Peer-and-Peer (UPnP) instant messaging for alerts.
Cont…
• 4. Smoke/Gas Detectors: Smoke detectors are installed in homes and
buildings to detect smoke that is typically an early sign of fire.
• Smoke detectors use optical detection, ionization or air sampling
techniques to detect smoke.
• Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to a fire
alarm system.
• Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as carbon
monoxide (CO), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), etc.
• A smart smoke/gas detector can raise alerts in human voice describing
where are problem is, send or an SMS or email to the user or the local
fire safety department and provide visual feedback on its status.
Introduction to Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on
remote servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s hard drive
or local server.
• Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is technology
where the resource is provided as a service through the Internet to the user.
• The data which is stored can be files, images, documents, or any other storable
document.
• Some operations which can be performed with cloud computing are-
• a. Storage, backup, and recovery of data
• b. Delivery of software on demand
• c. Development of new applications and services
• d. Streaming videos and audio
Cont…
• Cloud computing architecture refers to the components and sub-
components required for cloud computing.
• These components typically refer to:
• 1. Front end (Fat Client, Thin Client)
• 2. Back-end Platforms (Servers, Storage)
• 3. Cloud-based delivery and a network (Internet, Intranet, Intercloud)
• Some of the reasons why to switch to cloud computing instead of owning
a database server.
• a. Reduces Cost
• b. More Storage
• c. Employees using cloud computing have better work-life balance
Cont…
• Characteristics of Cloud Computing
• 1. Scalability
• 2. Instant: Whatever you want is instantly available in the cloud.
• 3. Save Money
• 4. Reliability
• 5. Physical Security
• 6. Outsource Management
Differences b/w Cloud Computing and Fog Computing
Feature Cloud Computing Fog Computing
Latency It has high latency It has low latency
Capacity It does not provide any It reduces the amount of data
reduction in data while sent.
sending or transforming data
Responsiveness Response time of the system is Response time of the system is
low high
Security It has less security It has high security
Speed Access speed is high High even more compared to
depending on the VM cloud computing
connectivity
Data Integration Multiple data sources can be Multiple data sources and
integrated devices can be integrated
Cont…
Feature Cloud Computing Fog Computing
Mobility Mobility is Limited Mobility is supported
Location Awareness Partially Supported Full Supported
No. of Server nodes It has few no. of server nodes Large no. of nodes
Geographical It is centralized It is decentralized and
Distribution distributed
Working Specific data center building Outdoor or Indoor
Environment with AC systems
Communication IP network Wireless communication:
Mode WLAN, Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, etc.
The Next Evaluation of Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is all about renting computing services. This idea first
came in the 1950s.
Cont…
• 1. Distributed Systems: It is a composition of multiple independent
systems but all of them are depicted as a single entity to the users.
• The purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and also use
them effectively and efficiently.
• Distributed systems possess characteristics such as scalability,
concurrency, continuous availability, heterogeneity, and independence
in failures.
• The main problem with this system was that all the systems were
required to be present at the same geographical location.
• To solve this problem, distributed computing led to three more types of
computing, and they were – Mainframe computing, Cluster computing
and Grid computing.
Cont…
• 2. Mainframe Computing: Mainframes which first come into
existence in 1955 are highly powerful and reliable computing
machines.
• These are responsible for handling large data such as massive input-
output operations.
• Even today these are used for bulk processing tasks such as online
transactions etc.
• After distributed computing, these increased the processing capabilities
of the system. But these were very expensive.
• To reduce this cost, cluster computing came as an alternative to
mainframe technology.
Cont…
• 3. Cluster Computing: In 1980s, cluster computing came as an
alternative to mainframe computing.
• Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network
with high bandwidth.
• These were way cheaper than mainframe systems. These were equally
capable of high computations. Also new, nodes could easily be added to
the cluster if t was required.
• The problem of the cost was solved to some extent, but the problem
related to geographical restrictions still pertained.
• To solve this, the concept of grid computing was introduced.
Cont…
• 4. Grid Computing: In1990s the concept of grid computing was
introduced.
• It means that different systems were placed at entirely different
geographical locations and these all were connected via the internet.
• These systems belonged to different organizations and thus are grid
consisted of heterogeneous nodes.
• Although it solved some problems, but new problems emerged as the
distance between the nodes increased.
• The main problem which was encountered was the low availability of
high bandwidth connectivity and with-it other network associated
issues.
Cont…
• 5. Virtualization: It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to
the process of creating a virtual layer over the hardware which allows
the user to run multiple instances simultaneously on the hardware.
• It is the base on which major cloud computing services such as Amazon
EC2, Vmware vCloud etc work on.
• 6. Web 2.0: It is the interface through which the cloud computing
services interact with the clients.
• It also increases flexibility among web pages.
• Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter,
etc.
• Needless to say, social media is possible because of this technology
only. It gained major popularity in 2004.
Cont…
• 7. Service Orientation: It acts as a reference model for cloud
computing. It supports low-cost, flexible, and evolvable applications.
• Two important concepts were introduced in this computing model.
These were Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes the SLA
(Service Level Agreement) and Software as a Service (SaaS).
• 8. Utility Computing: It is a computing model that defines service
provisioning techniques for services such as compute services along
with other major services such as storage, infrastructure, etc which are
provisioned on a pay-per-use basic.
Role of IoT in Cloud Computing
• The Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing are two transformative
technologies that, when combined, create a powerful synergy.
• The integration of IoT and cloud computing offers numerous benefits and
opens up new possibilities in various domains.
• 1. Central Hub for Data Storage and Management:
• Cloud Computing serves as the central hub for data storage and
management in IoT systems.
• When IoT devices collect data from sensors, they need a reliable and
scalable platform to store and process this information.
• By integrating IoT with Cloud services, organizations can efficiently
store and manage data, ensuring it is accessible, secure, and available for
analysis.
Cont…
• 2. Efficient Data Storage:
• Cloud Computing offers a wide range of services to IoT, including data
storage, processing, and analysis.
• IoT device users can perform common computing tasks using services
provided entirely over the internet.
• 3. Cost-Effectiveness:
• Integrating IoT and Cloud computing, especially in an enterprise
environment, is very cost-effective.
• Cloud services eliminate the need for organizations to invest in and
maintain their own data centers.
• Pay-as-you-go models allow businesses to scale resources based on
demand, optimizing costs while ensuring efficient operations.
Cont…
• 4. Security and Privacy:
• Cloud technology enhances security and privacy in the IoT ecosystem.
• Cloud providers implement robust authentication, encryption, and
access control mechanisms.
• By leveraging cloud solutions, organizations can fortify their IoT
deployments against security threats and unauthorized access.
Connecting IoT to Cloud
• Connecting IoT to the Cloud is a crucial step in building robust and scalable IoT
solutions.
• 1. Device Communication: IoT devices, such as sensors, actuators, and
controllers, collect data from the physical world.
• These devices need a way to transmit data to a central location for processing
and storage.
• Cloud platforms provide APIs and protocols that allow IoT devices to
communicate seamlessly with cloud services.
• 2. Data Ingestion and Storage: Once data is transmitted from IoT devices, it
needs to be ingested and stored.
• Cloud providers offer scalable storage solutions, such as databases, data lakes,
and object storage.
• IoT data can be stored in these repositories, ensuring durability, availability, and
efficient retrieval.
Cont…
• 3. Authentication and Security: Security is paramount in IoT
deployments.
• Cloud services provide authentication mechanisms to verify the identity
of IoT devices.
• Certificates, tokens, or API keys are used to establish secure connections.
• Encryption ensures that data remains confidential during transmission and
storage.
• 4. Processing and Analytics: The cloud acts as a processing hub for IoT
data. Real-time analytics, machine learning, and rule-based engines can
process incoming data.
• Insights are derived, anomalies detected, and actionable alerts generated.
Cont…
• 5. Scalability and Elasticity: Cloud platforms offer scalability and
elasticity.
• Auto-scaling ensures that the system adapts to changing demands without
manual intervention
• 6. APIs and Integration: Cloud APIs allow developers to interact with
IoT data programmatically. Integration with other cloud services enables
seamless workflows.
• 7. Edge Computing: While cloud services are powerful, some IoT use
cases require low latency and real-time processing.
• Edge computing complements cloud by performing data processing closer
to the source.
• Edge devices act as mini-clouds, reducing latency and improving
responsiveness.
Cloud Storage for IoT
• Cloud storage plays a crucial role in enabling efficient and scalable IoT
solutions. Cloud storage benefits IoT and its key functions:
• 1. Abstraction Layer for Data Storage: Cloud storage acts as an
abstraction layer between where data is physically stored and how IoT
devices interact with that data.
• It provides a flexible and agile way for IoT developers to work with data
without worrying about the underlying hardware details.
• 2. Benefits and Functions of IoT Cloud:
• a. Connectivity Options: IoT cloud computing offers large network
access, allowing various devices to connect seamlessly to cloud resources.
• b. On-Demand Access: Developers can use IoT cloud services without
special permissions or assistance.
Cont…
• c. Scalability and Flexibility: Cloud services are fast and flexible, allowing
users to expand storage, adjust software settings, and accommodate varying
user loads.
• d. Resource Pooling: Cloud computing pools resources, fostering
collaboration and connections among users.
• e. Security: Cloud solutions provide reliable authentication and encryption
protocols, addressing security concerns in IoT deployments.
• f. Cost-Effective: Users pay for what they use, making IoT cloud computing
cost-efficient and adaptable.
• 3. Integration with Cloud Solutions: By integrating IoT with advanced cloud
solutions, organizations liberate themselves from on-site infrastructure
constraints.
• Cloud-powered IoT solutions offer ample storage capacity and seamless
internet connectivity.
Challenge in integration of IoT with Cloud
• Integrating IoT with the Cloud presents several challenges and
considerations.
• 1. Latency: IoT devices collect a significant amount of data, which
must be transmitted to the cloud for storage, processing, and analysis.
• High latency can impact real-time applications and responsiveness.
• Efficient communication protocols and edge computing solutions are
essential to address latency challenges.
• 2. Data Management: The value of IoT devices lies in the data they
provide. Proper data management is crucial for effective decision-
making.
• Handling large volumes of data efficiently, ensuring data quality, and
implementing data lifecycle management are key challenges.
Cont…
• 3. Security and Privacy: IoT devices are vulnerable to security threats.
• Cloud services must provide strong authentication, encryption, and
access controls. Protecting sensitive data and ensuring privacy are
ongoing challenges.
• 4. Scalability and Resource Allocation: As the number of IoT devices
grows, cloud resources must scale accordingly. Dynamic allocation of
resources based on demand is critical. Balancing resource availability,
cost, and performance is a challenge.
• 5. Interoperability and Standards: IoT devices come from diverse
manufacturers and use different communication protocols.
• Ensuring seamless interoperability between devices and cloud services
is complex.
Cont…
• 6. Energy Efficiency: Many IoT devices operate on limited battery
power. Efficient data transmission, processing, and sleep modes are
essential to conserve energy. Balancing functionality with energy
constraints is a challenge.
• 7. Big Data Handling: IoT generates massive amounts of data. Cloud
storage and processing solutions must handle this big data efficiently.
Implementing data compression, aggregation and analytics at scale is
challenging.
• 8. Cost Optimization: Cloud services involve costs, especially when
dealing with large-scale IoT deployments. Optimizing costs while
meeting performance requirements is a balancing act.