Fundamentals of programming

with Python Language

T. Vamsidhar
Asst. Professor
CSE-H
KLEF
 Introduction To Python
Introduction
• Python is a High-Level Dynamic Programming Language which is interpreted.
• Guido Van Rossum, the father of Python
• Python is ranked as the 3rd most prominent language followed by JavaScript and Java in a survey held in 2018 by Stack
Overflow
• Python was conceived in the late 1980s
• Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000
• Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008
• Python 2.7's end-of-life date was initially set at 2015 then postponed to 2020

Python provides features listed below :

• Simplicity
• Open Source
• Portability
• Being Embeddable & Extensible
• Being Interpreted
• Huge amount of libraries
• Object Orientation

Python Applications
• Web Development: Django, Pyramid, Bottle, Tornado, Flask, web2py
• GUI Development: tkInter, PyGObject, PyQt, PySide, Kivy, wxPython
• Scientific and Numeric: SciPy, Pandas, IPython
• Software Development: Buildbot, Trac, Roundup
• System Administration: Ansible, Salt, OpenStack
Features of Python
 Easy to Learn and Use - developer-friendly
 Expressive Language - more understandable
and readable
 Interpreted Language – debugging is easy
 Free and Open Source
 Object-Oriented Language
 Large Standard Library
 GUI Programming Support
 Integrated - It can be easily integrated with
languages like C, C++, JAVA etc.
 Python installation

To check and install Python in Windows PC

• Search in the start bar for Python
• Run the following on the Command Line (cmd.exe)
C:\Users\Your Name>python --version

If not installed
•Then go to the website
https://www.python.org/
Python Website
Python Identifiers
 A Python identifier is a name used to identify
a variable, function, class, module or other
object.
 An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z
or an underscore (_) followed by zero or more
letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).
 Python does not allow punctuation characters
such as @, $, and % within identifiers.
 Python is a case sensitive programming
language.
 Thus, Power and power are two different
identifiers in Python.
 Hello world program
1. Open the notepad

2. Type the following lines

print("Hello, World!")

print(“Welcome to KLU”)

3. Save this file as helloworld.py

4. Then run this file with python command

C:\Users\Your Name>python helloworld.py

5. Then we get the following out put

C:\Users\Your Name> Hello, World!

C:\Users\Your Name> Welcome to KLU

 The Python Command Line
1. C:\Users\Your Name>python
Python 3.8.1 (tags/v3.8.1:1b293b6, Dec 18 2019, 23:11:46) [MSC v.1916 64
bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information
>>>
2.Type the following statements
>>> print("Hello, World!")
>>> Hello, World!
>>>print(“Welcome to KLU”)
>>> Welcome to KLU
3. To Quit python Command Line
>>>exit()
C:\Users\Your Name>
Indentation in Python
 Python does not provide braces to indicate blocks of code
for class and function definitions or flow control.
 Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation.
 The number of spaces in the indentation is variable, but
all statements within the block must be indented the
same amount.
 for i in range(height):
if(i==0):
print(‘Height is 0’)
print('*'*width)
else:
if(i<height-1):
print('*')
else:
print('*'*width)
 Python Indentation
•Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.
•Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.
Example:

Example not following indentation properly

 Block of Code
You have to use the same number of spaces in the same block of code, otherwise
Python will give you an error:

Example 1:
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
print(“5 > 2")
Out put:
Error

Example 2:
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
print(“5 > 2")

Output:
Five is greater than two!
5>2
Comments in Python
 Comments are very important while writing a
program.
 It describes what's going on inside a program
so that a person can understand it very easily.
 In Python, we use the hash (#) symbol to start
writing a comment.
 Python Interpreter ignores comment.
Multiline Comments
 If we have comments that extend multiple
lines, one way of doing it is to use hash (#) in
the beginning of each line.
 For example:
 Comments
• Comments start with a #
#This is a comment.
print("Hello, World!")

• The above statement s contain single line comment

• For Multiline Line comment

"""
This is a comment
written in
more than just one line
"""
Python Variables
 Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store
values.
 When you create a variable you reserve some space in
memory.
 Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates
memory and decides what can be stored in the reserved
memory.
 By assigning different data types to variables, you can store
integers, decimals or characters in these variables.
 Rules to follow while naming the variables.
• Variable names can contain letters, numbers and the
underscore.
• Variable names cannot contain spaces.
• Variable names cannot start with a number.
• Case matters—for instance, temp and Temp are different.
 Python Variables

• Variables are used to store data values in a program

• No command for declaring a variable

• A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it

Example
# implicitly x is declared as int
# y is declared as str(string)
# z is declared as float
 Naming convention
Variable Names
• A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name
(age, carname, total_volume).

Rules for Python variables:

• A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
• A variable name cannot start with a number

• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores

(A-z, 0-9, and _ )

• Variable names are case-sensitive
(age, Age and AGE are three different variables)
Remember that variable names are case-sensitive
Assign Value to Multiple Variables
Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one line:

Example
x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
And you can assign the same value to multiple variables in one line:

Example
x = y = z = "Orange"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
Input Statement
 The input function is a simple way to get input from
user.
name = input('Enter your name: ')
print('Hello, ', name)
 The basic structure of input statement is
variable_name = input(message to user)
 The above statement works for getting text from the
user.
 To get numbers from the user we can use ‘int’
num = int(input('Enter a number: '))
print('Your number squared:', num*num)
 The ‘int’ function converts the number entered by the
user into an integer number.
Output Statement
 We use the print() function to output data to
the standard output device.
 print(1,2,3,4)

Output: 1 2 3 4
 print(3+4)

Output: 7
 print(‘3+4’)

Output: 3+4
 Output Variables
The Python print statement is often used to output variables.

• To combine both text and a variable, Python uses the + character:

Example
x = "awesome"
print("Python is " + x)
• You can also use the + character to add a variable to another variable:
Example
x = "Python is "
y = "awesome"
z= x+y
print(z)
• For numbers, the + character works as a mathematical operator:
Example
x=5
y = 10
print(x + y)
• If you try to combine a string and a number:
Example
x=5
y = "John"
Optional Arguments
1. Sep – Python has an optional argument called
‘sep’ that can be used to change the space
between arguments to something else.
 For example, using sep=':' would separate the
arguments by a colon and sep='##‘ would
separate the arguments by two pound signs.
 One particularly useful possibility is to have
nothing inside the quotes, as in sep=''.
 This says to put no separation between the
arguments.
Continued…..
 print(1,2,3,4,sep='*')
Output: 1*2*3*4
 print(1,2,3,4,sep='#',end='&‘)
Output: 1#2#3#4&
Continued…..
2. end- There is an optional argument called
‘end’ that you can use to keep the print
function from advancing to the next line.

print('On the first line', end='')

print('On the second line')

Result will be –

On the first lineOn the second line

Spaces in Python
print('Hello world!')
print ('Hello world!')
print( 'Hello world!' )
 Using escape character
\ Character is used to represent certain white space characters:
• “\t” is tab
• “\n” is new line
• “\r” is a carriage return

\r will just work as you have shifted your cursor to the beginning of the string or line.
Example 1
print('Python is included in KLU\r123456')
Output
123456 is included in KLU
Example 2
print(“Python is included in \t KLU”)
Output:
Python is included in KLU
Example 3
Print(“Python is included in \n KLU”)
Output:
Python is included in
KLU
 Global Variables
• Variables that are created outside of a function are known as global variables.
• Global variables can be used by everyone, both inside of functions and outside.
Example
•Create a variable outside of a function, and use it inside the function
x = "awesome“
def myfunc():
print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()
Example
•Create a variable inside a function, with the same name as the global variable
x = "awesome“
def myfunc():
x = "fantastic"
print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)
 Using global Keyword
To create a global variable inside a function, you can use the global keyword.
Example 1
•If you use the global keyword, the variable belongs to the global scope:

def myfunc():
global x
x = "fantastic“
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)

Example 2
•We can use the global keyword if you want to change a global variable inside a function.

x = "awesome”
def myfunc():
global x
x = "fantastic“
myfunc()
Reserved Words
 The following list shows some of the Python
keywords.
 These are reserved words and you cannot use
them as constant or variable or any other
identifier names.
 All the Python keywords contain lowercase
letters only.
 Reserved Words
Following is the list of reserved keywords in Python 3

and except lambda with

as finally nonlocal while
assert FALSE None yield
break for not
class from or
continue global pass
def if raise
del import return
elif in TRUE
else is try

Python 3 has 33 keywords while Python 2 has 30.

The print has been removed from Python 2 as keyword and included as built-in function.
To check the keyword list, type following commands in interpreter
>>> import keyword
>>> keyword.kwlist
 Keyword Description
as To create an alias
assert For debugging
def To define a function
del To delete an object
elif Used in conditional statements, same as else if
except Used with exceptions, what to do when an exception occurs
finally Used with exceptions, a block of code that will be executed no
matter
if there is an exception or not
from To import specific parts of a module
Global To declare a global variable
import To import a module
in To check if a value is present in a list, tuple, etc.
is To test if two variables are equal
Lambda To create an anonymous function
None Represents a null value
nonlocal To declare a non-local variable
pass A null statement, a statement that will do nothing
raise To raise an exception
try To make a try...except statement
with Used to simplify exception handling
yield To end a function, returns a generator
Quick Revision
• What is a Python
• Installation Process
• Creating and Executing
First Program
• Role of Indentation
• Variables
• Reserved Words
 Quiz
1. Command to check python version
2. Command to Quit python Command Line
3. Block of code required ______ indentation
4. How to make Multiple Line comment in python
5. Variable name age & Age both are same in python (True / False)
6. Escape character to take cursor to the next line
7. Can we concatenate string variable with numeric variable(Yes / No)
8. How to make a variable global within the function definition
9. What is the key word removed from version 2 and made it as built-in
Function
10. How many keywords are available in version 2
Exercises
 Print the output like the one below.
***********
***********
***********
***********
 Print the output like the one below.
************
* *
* *
************
Exercises
 Print a triangle like the one below.
*
**
***
****
 Write a Python program that computes and
prints the result of (512 – 282)/(47.48 + 5).
 Write a Python program to convert a
temperature from user into Fahrenheit.
 Write a Python program to calculate average
of two numbers.
 Python Data Types
Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:
category Built-in Data type
Text Type: Str
Numeric Types: int, float, complex
Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
Mapping Type: Dict Set Types: set, frozenset
Boolean Type: Bool
Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview

Getting the Data Type

You can get the data type of any object by using the type() function:
Example
Print the data type of the variable x:
x=5
print(type(x))
Setting the Specific Data Type
Prog: 1
x = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry"))
print(x)
print(type(x))

output:
C:\Users\My Name>python demo_type_list2.py
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
<class 'list'>

Prog: 2
x = 20.5
print(x)
print(type(x))

output:
C:\Users\My Name>python demo_type_float.py
20.5
<class 'float'>
 Python Numbers
There are three numeric types in Python:
•int
•float
•complex
Variables of numeric types are created when you assign a value to them:
Example 1
x = 1 # int
y = 2.8 # float
z = 1j # complex
Complex
Complex numbers are written with a "j" as the imaginary part:

Example 2
Complex:
x = 3+5j
y = 5j
z = -5j

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
output:
C:\Users\My Name>python demo_numbers_complex.py
<class 'complex'>
<class 'complex'>
<class 'complex'>
 Type Conversion
•You can convert from one type to another with the int(), float(), and complex() methods:
Example
Convert from one type to another:
x = 1 # int
y = 2.8 # float
z = 1j # complex

#convert from int to float:

a = float(x)

#convert from float to int:

b = int(y)

#convert from int to complex:

c = complex(x)

print(a)
print(b)
print(c)

print(type(a))
print(type(b))
print(type(c))
output:
C:\Users\My Name>python demo_numbers_convert.py
1.0
2
(1+0j)
<class 'float'> <class 'int'> <class 'complex'>
 Random Number Generation
Python does not have a random() function to make a random number, but
Python has a built-in module called random that can be used to make random
numbers:
Example
Import the random module, and display a random number between 1 and 9:
import random
print(random.randrange(1,10))
output:
C:\Users\My Name>python demo_numbers_random.py
7
 Python Strings
String Literals
• String literals in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or double quotation
marks.
• 'hello' is the same as "hello".
print("Hello")
print('Hello')
Assign String to a Variable
a = "Hello"
print(a)
Multiline Strings
a = """Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua."""
print(a)
Strings are Arrays
• Strings in Python are arrays of bytes representing unicode characters.
• However, Python does not have a character data type,
a single character is simply a string with a length of 1.
• Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string.
Get the character at position 1 (remember that the first character has the position 0):
a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[1])
 Strings
Slicing
• You can return a range of characters by using the slice syntax.
• Specify the start index and the end index, separated by a colon, to return a part of the string.
• Get the characters from position 2 to position 5 (not included):
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[2:5])
Negative Indexing
• Use negative indexes to start the slice from the end of the string
• Get the characters from position 5 to position 1, starting the count from the end of the string:
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[-5:-2])
orl
String Length
• The len() function returns the length of a string:
a = "Hello, World!"
print(len(a))
 String Methods
We have built-in methods to handle strings
Method Description Example
strip() To removes any whitespace a = " Hello, World! "
print(a.strip())
lower() Returns string in lower case print(a.lower())

replace() replaces a string with another string print(a.replace("H", "J"))

string.replace(oldvalue, newvalue, count)

split() splits the string into substrings (Based on the Seperator) print(a.split(","))
# returns ['Hello', ' World!‘]
find() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the a="Hello World!“ print(a.find("World"))
position
Index() Return index of the substring from the given string txt = "Hello, welcome to my world.”
x = txt.index("welcome“)
print(x)

Isalpha() If text contains alphabets then it returns True otherwise txt = "Company10”
False x = txt.isalpha()
print(x)

zfill() Fill the strings with zeros until they are 10 characters long a = "hello"
b = "welcome to the jungle"
c = "10.000”
print(a.zfill(10))
print(b.zfill(10))
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 Method Description
center() Returns a centered string
count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a string
encode() Returns an encoded version of the string
endswith() Returns true if the string ends with the specified value
expandtabs() Sets the tab size of the string
find() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found
otherwise -1 value it returns
format() Formats specified values in a string

index() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found
join() Joins the elements of an iterable to the end of the string
ljust() Returns a left justified version of the string
lstrip() Returns a left trim version of the string

partition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts
replace() Returns a string where a specified value is replaced with a specified value
split() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
splitlines() Splits the string at line breaks and returns a list
startswith() Returns true if the string starts with the specified value
strip() Returns a trimmed version of the string
translate() Returns a translated string
zfill() Fills the string with a specified number of 0 values at the beginning
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 isalnum() Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric
isalpha() Returns True if all characters in the string are in the alphabet
isdecimal() Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals
isdigit() Returns True if all characters in the string are digits
isidentifier() Returns True if the string is an identifier
islower() Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case
isnumeric() Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric
isprintable() Returns True if all characters in the string are printable
isspace() Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces
istitle() Returns True if the string follows the rules of a title
isupper() Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case

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rfind() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of where
it was found
rindex() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of where
it was found
rjust() Returns a right justified version of the string
rpartition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts
rsplit() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
rstrip() Returns a right trim version of the string

String rpartition()
The rpartition() splits the string at the last occurrence of the argument string and returns a tuple
containing the part the before separator, argument string and the part after the separator.

The syntax of rpartition() is: string.rpartition(separator)

Example:
string = "Python is fun"
print(string.rpartition('is ')) # 'is' separator is found
print(string.rpartition('not ')) # 'not' separator is not found
string = "Python is fun, isn't it“
print(string.rpartition('is')) # splits at last occurence of 'is’

output

('Python ', 'is ', 'fun')

('', '', 'Python is fun')
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('Python is fun, ', 'is', "n't it")
 capitalize() Converts the first character to upper case
casefold() Converts string into lower case
lower() Converts a string into lower case
upper() Converts a string into upper case
swapcase() Swaps cases, lower case becomes upper case and vice versa
title() Converts the first character of each word to upper case

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 String Strip() Method
Python String strip() Method
Remove spaces at the beginning and at the end of the string:
txt = " banana “
x = txt.strip()
print("of all fruits", x, "is my favorite")

• The strip() method removes any leading (spaces at the beginning) and trailing (spaces at the end)
characters (space is the default leading character to remove)
• Syntax
string.strip(characters)
Parameter Values
Parameter Description characters Optional.
A set of characters to remove as leading/trailing characters from below Example
Remove the leading and trailing characters:
txt = ",,,,,rrttgg.....PVRAO....rrr##“
x = txt.strip(",.#grt")
print(x)

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 String index() Method
Python String index() Method
• Where in the text is the word "welcome"?:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world.“
x = txt.index("welcome")
print(x)
Definition and Usage
• The index() method finds the first occurrence of the specified value.
• The index() method raises an exception if the value is not found.
• The index() method is almost the same as the find() method, the only difference is that the find() method returns -1 if the
value is not found. (See example below)
Syntax
string.index(value, start, end)
Parameter Values
ParameterDescriptionvalueRequired. The value to search forstartOptional. Where to start the search.
Default is 0endOptional. Where to end the search. Default is to the end of the stringMore Examples
Where in the text is the first occurrence of the letter "e"?:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world.”
x = txt.index("e“)
print(x)
Where in the text is the first occurrence of the letter "e" when you only search between position 5 and 10?:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world.”
x = txt.index("e", 5, 10)
print(x)
If the value is not found, the find() method returns -1, but the index() method will raise an exception:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world.”
print(txt.find("q"))
print(txt.index("q"))
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 String find() Method
Find the word "welcome“ in a given text?:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world.”
x = txt.find("welcome“)
print(x)
Definition and Usage
• The find() method finds the first occurrence of the specified value.
• The find() method returns -1 if the value is not found.
• The find() method is almost the same as the index() method, the only difference is that the index() method raises an
exception if the value is not found.
Syntax
string.find(value, start, end)
Parameter Values
• Parameter Description value Required. The value to search for start Optional. Where to start the search.
Default is endOptional. Where to end the search. Default is to the end of the string More Examples
Where in the text is the first occurrence of the letter "e"?:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world.”
x = txt.find("e“)
print(x)
Where in the text is the first occurrence of the letter "e" when you only search between position 5 and 10?:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world.”
x = txt.find("e", 5, 10)
print(x)
If the value is not found, the find() method returns -1, but the index() method will raise an exception:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world.”
print(txt.find("q"))
print(txt.index("q"))
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 String format() Method
Insert the price inside the placeholder, the price should be in fixed point, two-decimal format:
txt = "For only {price:.2f} dollars!"
print(txt.format(price = 49))
Output: For only 49.00 dollars!
Definition and Usage
• The format() method formats the specified value(s) and insert them inside the string's placeholder.
• The placeholder is defined using curly brackets: {}. Read more about the placeholders in the Placeholder section below.
• The format() method returns the formatted string.
Syntax: string.format(value1, value2...)
Parameter Values
• Parameter Description value1, value2...Required.
One or more values that should be formatted and inserted in the string.
• The values can be A number specifying the position of the element you want to remove.
• The values are either a list of values separated by commas, a key=value list, or a combination of both.
• The values can be of any data type. The Placeholders
The placeholders can be identified using named indexes {price}, numbered indexes {0}, or even empty placeholders {}.
Using different placeholder values:
#named indexes:
txt1 = "My name is {fname}, I'am {age}".format(fname = "John", age = 36)
#numbered indexes:
txt2 = "My name is {0}, I'am {1}".format("John",36)
#empty placeholders:
txt3 = "My name is {}, I'am {}".format("John",36)
Formatting types
txt = "We have {:^8} fruits."
print(txt.format(49))
output: We have 49 fruits.
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 Formatting types

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 Python Booleans
Booleans represent one of two values: True or False.
Boolean Values
• In programming you often need to know if an expression is True or False.
• You can evaluate any expression in Python, and get one of two answers, True or False.
• When you compare two values, the expression is evaluated and Python returns the Boolean answer:
Example
print(10 > 9)
print(10 == 9)
print(10 < 9)
Most Values are True
• Almost any value is evaluated to True if it has some sort of content.
• Any string is True, except empty strings.
• Any number is True, except 0.
• Any list, tuple, set, and dictionary are True, except empty ones.
Example
• The following will return True:
bool("abc")
bool(123)
bool(["apple", "cherry", "banana"])

• The following will return False

bool(False)
bool(None)
bool(0)
bool("")
bool(())
bool([])
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 Python Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

Python divides the operators in the following groups:

• Arithmetic operators (+,-, *, %, **, //)

• Assignment operators (=, += , and so on)
• Comparison operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=)
• Logical operators (and, or, not)
• Identity operators ( is)
• Membership operators ( in )
• Bitwise operators ( &, |, ~, ^, <<, >>)

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 Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations:
Operator Name Example
+ Addition x+y
- Subtraction x–y
* Multiplication x*y
/ Division x/y
% Modulus x%y
** Exponentiation x ** y
// Floor division x // y
Statement output

a=5
b=2
print(a+b) 7

print(a-b) 3

print(a*b) 10

Print(float(a/b)) 2

Print(a%b) 1

Print(a**b) 5

Print(a//b) 2
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 Assignment Operators
• Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables

Operator Example Same As

= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
%= x %= 3 x=x%3
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
&= x &= 3 x=x&3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3

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 Comparison Operators
• Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

Operator Name Example

== Equal x == y
!= Not equal x != y
> Greater than x>y
< Less than x<y
>= Greater than or equal to x >= y
<= Less than or equal to x <= y

Example:
a=5
b=2
if(a>b):
print("A is greater than B")
else:
print("B is greater than A")

Output:
A is greater than B
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 Logical Operators
• Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements :

Operator Description Example

and Returns True if both statements are true x < 5 and x < 10
or Returns True if one of the statements is true x < 5 or x < 4
Reverse the result, not(x < 5 and x <
not
returns False if the result is true 10)

Example: Truth table for AND operator Truth table for NOT operator

Check the Number is single digit or not Operand 1 Operand 2 Result Operand 1 Result

a=int(input("Enter A value: ")) True True True True False

True False False False True
if(a>0)and(a<10):
print("A is a single digit number") False True False
else:
print("A is not a single digit number ") False False False

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 Python Bitwise Operators
• Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary)
numbers:
Operator Name Description
& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1
| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1
^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1
~ NOT Inverts all the bits
Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let
<< Zero fill left shift
the leftmost bits fall off
Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in
>> Signed right shift
from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off

Left shift Example: Truth table for AND operator Truth table for XOR operator
a=5
b=1 Operand 1 Operand 2 Result Operand 1 Operand 2 Result
c=a<<b
print(c) 1 1 1 1 1 0
Example using “&” Opt 1 0 0 1 0 1
a=5
b=1 0 1 0 0 1 1
c=a&b
print(c) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Output:
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1
 Using Logical operators
And
• The and keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:
Example
• Test if a is greater than b, AND if c is greater than a:
a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b and c > a:
print("Both conditions are True")
Or
• The or keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:
Example
• Test if a is greater than b, OR if a is greater than c:
a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b or a > c:
print("At least one of the conditions is True")

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